论表见代理的构成要件与证明责任  

Constituent Elements and Burdern of Proof in Apparent Agency

作　　者：周志东 ZHOU Zhidong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第4期65-77,共13页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国民法评注编纂重大问题研究”(项目编号:22&ZD205);国家社会科学基金项目“《民法典》实施中的证明责任疑难问题研究”(项目编号:22BFX050)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：表见代理中,相对人的信赖保护和交易安全是根本价值,被代理人意思自治下的自我负责是次级价值。从文义解释的角度,我国《民法典》第172条的规范表达决定了表见代理中应当由相对人就代理权外观、相对人善意和相对人无过失承担证明责任,体现了表见代理信赖保护的根本价值。而从狭义无权代理和表见代理相结合的体系角度,则应当由被代理人就其不具有可归责性承担证明责任,体现了表见代理意思自治的次级价值,否则难以区分狭义无权代理和表见代理在救济上的不同。《民法典总则编解释》第28条规定表见代理中由被代理人承担相对人“非善意”或“存在过失”的证明责任,不符合表见代理的实体法目的,与《民法典》的规范文义相悖,消解了最高院试图通过提高“无过失”之标准来限制表见代理滥用的目的,甚至可能冲击狭义无权代理的适用空间。For apparent agency,the protection of the reliance of the counterparty and the security of the transaction shall be seen as the fundamental values,the self-responsibility under the autonomy of the agent's intention is the inferior value.From the perspective of contextual interpretation,the normative expression of Article 172 of the Civil Code regulates the burden of proving the appearance of agency,the counterpart believes in good faith and without fault of the counterpart should be borne by the counterpart,which reflecting the fundamental value of trust protection in apparent agency.From the perspective of a system combining unauthorized agency and apparent agency,the burden for proving no imputability should be borne by the principal,reflecting the secondary value of apparent agency,otherwise it would be difficult to distinguish the difference between unauthorized agency and apparent agency in terms of remedies.Article 28 of the Judicial Interpretation for Civil Code stipulated that the principal must prove that the counterparty was in bad faith or negligent,which is inconsistent with the purpose of the apparent agency,contrary to the normative meaning of the Civil Code,the Supreme Court's intention to limit the abuse of apparent agency by raising the standard of“no-fault”was dispelled and may compress the space of application of the unauthorized agency.

关 键 词：表见代理 可归责性 评价分层 证明责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D925.1[政治法律—法学]