全球气候治理义务的构建:自愿合作向合作义务的转变  

On the Establishment of Obligations to Global Climate Governance:From Voluntary Cooperation to Obliged Cooperation

作　　者：邵莉莉 SHAO Lili

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学人文社会科学学院,北京100083

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第12期106-123,共18页Political Science and Law

基　　金：北京林业大学中央高校基本科研业务经费专项资金项目(项目编号:BLX202366)的研究成果。

摘　　要：有效的温室气体排放控制和减缓是全球气候治理的根本所在,涉及全球根本利益,需要广泛的国际合作。气候变化《巴黎协定》规定了温室气体自愿减排合作机制和减排相互支持的合作机制,要求缔约方遵守和采取一系列的减排合作行为,实现温室气体减排国家自主贡献。受制于国际法运行体系内没有超国家行为体保障其实施,以及国际法违反行为义务引发的结果义务以“不利法律后果”即法律责任形式出现难以达成各国一致同意与顺利实施等因素,导致这些合作机制下的行为规则只有行为义务而缺乏结果义务,使得包括自愿减排合作机制和减排相互支持合作机制在内的减排国际合作实际效果不佳,形成了全球减排国际合作桎梏。全球气候治理国际合作义务是全球气候治理中,基于共同责任而产生的国家对国际社会整体承担的一般法律义务、新型的注意义务;从法律规范要素的肯定性后果要素和否定性后果要素两个方面充实该义务的规范效果即结果义务,能有效克服这些制约因素,保障全球气候治理国际合作义务得以切实履行,并有效服务于实现联合国《气候变化框架公约》和气候变化《巴黎协定》确立的全球气候治理目标。Effective green house gas emission control and mitigation is fundamental to global climate governance and involves fundamental interest of the world,requiring extensive international cooperation among countries.The Paris Agreement on climate change provides for a mechanism for cooperation on voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction and a mechanism for cooperation on mutually-supported emission reduction,requiring parties to comply with and adopt a series of cooperative measures for emission reduction to achieve nationally decided contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction.Limited by factors such as the absence of supranational actors guaranteeing its implementation within the operating system of international law,and the difficulties in reaching unanimous agreement by all countries on the embodiment of the result-oriented obligation arising from the breach of the behavior-based obligation in international law as'adverse legal consequence',i.e.the legal liability,and in its successful implementation,the rules of conduct under such cooperation mechanisms only concern behavior-based obligations rather than result-oriented obligations,which makes the actual effect of cooperation mechanisms including a mechanism for cooperation on voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction and a mechanism for cooperation on mutually-supported emission reduction unsatisfactory and forms a straitjacket of international co-operation on global emission reduction.The obligation to international cooperation on global climate governance is the general legal obligation and a new duty of care that the countries assumed by countries to the international community as a whole on basis of shared responsibilities;By enriching the normative effect of such obligations,i.e.the result-oriented obligation,from two aspects of elements of legal norms,i.e.element of positive result and element of negative result element,it is able to effectively overcome these straitjackets,guarantee the successful fulfillment of obligations to international coo

关 键 词：全球气候治理 温室气体 国家自主贡献 自愿减排合作机制 减排国际合作义务 肯定性法律效果 

分 类 号：D996.9[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] D815[政治法律—经济法学] P467[政治法律—国际法学]