格式条款合意变更路径的规范构造  

On the Normative Structure of Approaches to Agreed Modification to Standard Terms

作　　者：吴逸宁 WU Yining

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院法学研究所,上海200020

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第12期124-142,共19页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：长期定型化交易中对于格式条款内容的合意变更具有不同于一般协议变更的特殊路径。其理念基础在于“概括性合意”构造,规范适用上对于使用人的变更要约,应类推适用《中华人民共和国民法典》第496条第2款提示说明义务的规范内容,对于相对人的承诺表示,应将《中华人民共和国民法典》第140条意思表示形式之规定作为解释论基础。前者在提示说明义务的适用范围上并无例外豁免之解释空间,所有格式条款合同类型中都应对变更内容进行明确的提示说明,且为确保相对人的知悉可能性,应采用个别而非整体之提示说明履行方法。后者应缓和相对人作出同意之意思表示的认定标准,相对人单纯沉默无法视为同意表示,仅在利益变更时可通过意思实现规则对“沉默即为同意”予以肯定解释,应检视相对人继续合同行为的具体指向,仅在其明确指向变更内容时才能推断为同意表示。对于基于“视为同意条款”而为的变更,尽管此类条款具有“约定合意”之法律性质,但为使其发生有效获取相对人同意表示的法律效果,应基于“合理性”标准对其适用要件进行规范性解释,程序上使用人应履行相应的提示说明义务、设定合理期间以及赋予相对人妥当的退出机制,实体上具有基于法律、经济情况变化或符合使用人正当利益等合理的变更原因,且变更对象上排除核心给付条款和任意法的“给付描述”条款。Agreed modification to the content of standard terms in long-term standardized transactions enjoys special approaches which are different from those to the modification to general agreements.Its conceptual basis lies in the structure of"generalized agreement".In terms of application of norms,regarding the offer to modification made by the user,the normative content of the obligation to give notice and explanation in the Paragraph 2 of Article 496 of Civil Code of China should be applied by analogy,and regarding the acceptance by counterparts,the stipulation on the forms of expression of intent in Article 140 of Civil Code of China should be regarded as a basis for interpretation.For the former,there is no possibility to,through interpretation,enjoy exceptional immunity from the obligation to give notice and explanation,thus all types of standard-terms contracts should include clear notice and explanation of modification.Moreover,to ensure the counterparts’possibility of knowing,the obligation should be performed in a way of individual-based rather than overall notice and explanation.For the latter,it is necessary to ease the standard for determining the expression of intent of counterparts as acceptance,but counterparts’pure silence cannot be regarded as acceptance and only at the time of changes in interests can"silence as acceptance"be confirmed through the interpretation of rules on the realization of intent;it is necessary to examine the specific direction of counterparts’behaviour of continuing the contract and only it is clearly directed at the modified content can acceptance be deduced.For modification to"provisions on presumed acceptance",despite such provisions enjoy the legal nature of"contractual agreement",but in order to achieve the legal effect of validly acquiring acceptance by counterparts,it is necessary to conduct normative interpretation of the applicable elements on basis of the standard of"rationality",that is,in terms of procedure,users should perform corresponding obligation to give n

关 键 词：格式条款 合意变更 概括性合意 变更要约 同意表示 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]