刑法分则中“明知”的类型与功能  

The Typification and Functions of"Knowing"in the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law

作　　者：张小宁 ZHANG Xiaoning

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院上海司法研究所,上海201701

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第12期161-176,共16页Political Science and Law

基　　金：2022年国家社会科学基金后期资助重点项目“客观违法论的现代展开”(项目编号:22FFXA004)的研究成果。

摘　　要：我国刑法分则在故意犯与过失犯中都使用了“明知”这一术语,但这不足以使分则明知具有实质区别于总则明知的存在意义。分则明知包含四种类型,分别是关于行为对象的明知、关于事态状况的明知、共犯的明知、过失犯的明知。关于其功能定位,既往的注意规定说、前置性要素说、主观的超过要素说都存在不足。分则明知属于表面的构成要件要素,其功能仅在于对个罪构成要件中的特殊要素进行提示,而不承担入罪功能。其中的后两种类型即共犯的明知、过失犯的明知与我国刑法总则第14条的规定不相协调甚至冲突,应当考虑予以删除,以此提升条文的简洁性与适用性。In the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law of China,the term"Knowing"is used in both intentional and negligent offenses.however,this is not sufficient to establish a substantive distinction between the Knowing in the Specific Provisions and that in the General Principles.The Knowing in the Specific Provisions encompasses four types:Knowing the object of the act,Knowing the state of affairs,Knowing of accomplices,and Knowing in negligent offenses.Regarding its functions,previous theories such as the doctrine of notice-based provision,doctrine of the preliminary elements and the doctrine of element surpassing subjectivity all have their shortcomings.The Knowing in the Specific Provisions is a superficial element of the constituent requirements,and its function is merely to indicate the special elements within the constituent requirements of specific offenses,without bearing the function of establishing guilt.The latter two types,namely Knowing of accomplices and Knowing in negligent offenses,are not in harmony with,and may even conflict with,the provisions of Article 14 of the General Principles of Criminal Law of China,and should be considered for removal to enhance the conciseness and applicability of the text.

关 键 词：明知 刑法分则 提示功能 表面的构成要件要素 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]