中国设施种植土壤可持续利用的难点与应对策略  

The Obstacles and Countermeasures of Soil Sustainability in Protected Horticulture in China

作　　者：董金龙[1] 徐烨红 全智[3,4] 尹义蕾 赵云云 徐乔 田康 黄斌[3] 蔡祖聪[7] 马艳[2] 段增强[1] DONG Jinlong;XU Yehong;QUAN Zhi;YIN Yilei;ZHAO Yunyun;XU Qiao;TIAN Kang;HUANG Bin;CAI Zucong;MA Yan;DUAN Zengqiang(State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 211135,China;Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China;National Field Research Station of Shenyang Agroecosystems,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China;Weifang Academy of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment,Weifang,Shandong 261199,China;Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering,MARA,Beijing 100125,China;College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Yangzhou,Jiangsu University,Yangzhou,Jiangsu 225100,China;School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京土壤研究所),南京211135 [2]江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,农业农村部长江下游平原农业环境重点实验室,南京210014 [3]中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁沈阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,沈阳110016 [4]潍坊现代农业与生态环境研究院,山东潍坊261199 [5]农业农村部规划设计研究院,北京100125 [6]扬州大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏扬州225100 [7]南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京210023

出　　处：《土壤学报》2024年第6期1467-1480,共14页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42207357);农业农村部长江下游平原农业环境重点实验室开放课题(2023F13);江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX(21)3098)资助。

摘　　要：中国设施种植大多采用中低端装备土壤栽培模式,具有高投入、高产出和高强度利用的特点。截至2021年,设施播种面积在267万hm2左右,占全球设施总面积80%以上。但长期设施种植导致土壤质量下降,诱发面源污染加剧、温室气体排放增加、农产品产量和质量下降等诸多问题。本文聚焦设施种植土壤,总结分析了中国设施土壤可持续利用的难点,主要表现为:土壤养分失衡、环境质量下降、农产品产量和质量降低、设施农用地管理制度不健全等。设施种植可持续利用难题主要归因于:装备水平落后导致设施微环境和土壤养分供应调控不精准、施肥不合理和作物种类单一诱发土壤连作障碍、设施农用地管理制度革新动力不足导致土壤管理技术集成创新缓慢等。本文围绕设施土壤可持续利用提出了7项应对策略:建设期耕作层构建、休闲期土壤改良、设施微环境调控、投入品管控、轮作模式构建、作物抗逆调控以及设施农用地管理制度优化,旨在为小农中低端装备条件下设施土壤可持续利用提供研究思路和科学依据。China’s protected horticulture largely depends on soils as growth medium with low to medium technology,which is characterized by high input,high output,and intensive soil use.The cultivation area of the protected horticulture was 2.67 million hm2 in 2021,accounting for more than 80%of the global protected horticulture area.However,the protected cultivation resulted in soil degradation,non-point pollution,increased greenhouse gas emissions,and loss of crop yield and quality.This study focused on soil sustainability in protected horticulture.It summarized the obstacles that limited the sustainability of protected horticulture,which were the imbalance of soil nutrients,low soil environmental quality,the penalty of crop yield and quality,and backward land management and policy.These obstacles were mainly attributed to the low accuracy of plastic greenhouse environmental control and fertilization caused by low technology of protected facility,soil continuous cropping obstacles induced by inappropriate fertilization and monocropping,and less integrative innovation on soil management technology due to the lack of suitable land policy.This study proposed seven strategies to address current soil unsustainability,including soil profile design when building a plastic greenhouse,soil remediation at the fallow period,plastic greenhouse environmental regulation,control of soil input,buildup of crop rotation mode,plant resistance improvement,and the adaptation of land use policy.These strategies are expected to provide reasonable and scientific foundations for sustainable soil management in plastic greenhouses of low-to-medium technology possessed by smallholders.

关 键 词：温室大棚 设施土壤 土壤连作障碍 土壤质量 设施农用地管理 

分 类 号：S158.1[农业科学—土壤学]