智能无人机侵权的责任基础与责任主体的证成  

The Foundation of Liability and Justification of the Liability Subject for Intelligent Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Infringement

作　　者：郝秀辉[1] 李肖 HAO Xiuhui;LI Xiao(School of Law,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China)

机构地区：[1]中国民航大学法学院,天津300300

出　　处：《山东航空学院学报》2024年第5期41-51,共11页Journal of Binzhou University

基　　金：天津市研究生科研创新项目“民航旅客数据跨境流动的法律风险与合规应对”(2023YJSKC11001)。

摘　　要：智能无人机活动造成损害的风险较大,无法消除机器自主性失灵风险且会引发新的侵权种类,仍然符合高度危险活动的各项特征,其侵权规制仍应遵循严格责任路径。智能无人机自动飞行活动为机器自主性活动,其侵权行为应当被评价为物的侵权行为。由于人工智能自主性决策过程的不可解释性和行为逻辑的不透明性,智能无人机制造厂商缺乏对智能无人机侵权行为的事前预测技术能力,故产品责任适用于智能无人机存在发展中风险抗辩等制度缝隙,这将架空受害者的侵权救济路径。智能无人机侵权责任承担应当严守运营者责任路径,智能无人机运营者责任的理由由“危险责任主义”转化为“报偿责任主义”,其适用将与现行航空法侵权责任体系相统一,避免因技术应用法律风险的不合理分配抑制人工智能应用于航空器的技术创新。The risk of damage caused by intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle activities is relatively high,and the risk of machine autonomy failure cannot be eliminated,which may trigger new types of infringement.It still meets the characteristics of highly dangerous activities,and its infringement regulation should still follow a strict liability path.The autonomous flight activity of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles is the machine autonomous activity,and its infringement behavior should be evaluated as the physical infringement behavior.Due to the uninterpreted nature of the autonomous decision-making process of artificial intelligence and the opacity of behavioral logic,intelligent drone manufacturers lack the ability to predict infringement behavior of intelligent drones in advance.Therefore,product liability applies to institutional gaps such as the defense of risks in the development of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles,which will create a hollow path for victims to seek remedies for infringement.The liability for infringement of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles should strictly follow the operator’s responsibility path.The reason for the liability of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle operators should be transformed from“dangerous liability doctrine”to“compensation liability doctrine”,and its application will be unified with the current aviation law infringement liability system to avoid the unreasonable allocation of legal risks in the application of technology,which will inhibit the technological innovation of artificial intelligence applied in aircraft.

关 键 词：智能无人机 人工智能 严格责任 经营者责任 报偿责任主义 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]