元白话句末“有”的两种后续变化  

Two Later Changes of the Sentence-final you(有)in Yuan Baihua

作　　者：赵昕 Zhao Xin(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《语言科学》2024年第6期643-653,共11页Linguistic Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金西部项目(24XYY024)的资助。

摘　　要：元白话中常用于句末的“有”字多见于两式:“N+有”表“存在于N”或“领有N”;“V(+助词)+有(+助词)”表示V的各类时体信息。两式中的“有”都对译中古蒙古语动词/助动词a-、bü-。在明初反映双语者口语的《正统临戎录》中,“N+有”式出现了表示时间的用法,是表示处所的“N+有”式在双语者口语中发生的扩展;“V+有”式出现了表将来、祈使的用法,是早期“V+有”式先在口语和书面语中发生分化,口语中专表现在的“V+有”同中古蒙古语中的现在-将来时词尾产生对应关系,进而移植了其将来、祈使用法。这一个案说明:1)关涉不同制作者、使用者的语言接触文献,既有区别又有联系,有必要分类调查;2)多义功能性语素的不同句法功能之间也可能发生移植,移植不但存在于间接接触中,还存在于直接接触中。In Yuan baihua(a.k.a.the vernacular Chinese in Yuan Dymasty),the character有(you)commonly used at the end of a sentence appears in two constructions:"N+有",which indicates"exists in N"or"possesses N",and"V(+particle)+有(+particle)",which conveys various aspectual information of V.In the bilingual speakers'spoken text Zhengtong Linrong Li(正统临戎录),composed in early Ming,the usage of"N+有"”to express time began to emerge marking an extension of the locational"N+有"construction in bilingual speech.The previous"V+有"construction attained new functions to indicate future tense and imperative mood,suggesting a divergence between spoken and writen language,where the spoken"V+有"specifically indicates"present,"aligning with the present-future tense suffixes in Middle Mongolian,the former subsequently adopted the future and imperative usages of the suffixes.This case illustrates two points:first,language contact documents involving different producers and users exhibit both distinctions and connections,warranting a categorized investigation;second,the different syntactic functions of polysemous functional morphemes may also undergo semantic/functional transfer,occurring not only in indirect contact but also in direct contact.

关 键 词：元白话 句末“有” 移植 

分 类 号：H109.3[语言文字—汉语]