建设工程合同的体系定位与制度审视  

System Orientation and Institutional Review of Construction Engineering Contracts

作　　者：周清林 Zhou Qinglin

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院 [2]最高人民法院应用法研究基地民商事案件研究中心

出　　处：《中国不动产法研究》2024年第2期69-90,311,共23页Research on Real Estate Law of China

摘　　要：建设工程合同归于服务型合同,承包人交付不发生物权变动,只是进行占有的事实移转。发承包双方签署的工程回购协议,并非真正的回购,仅为工程款支付协议。无论是否约定承包人留置,工程竣工验收合格后,承包人都不得拒绝交付工程。作为服务合同,建设工程合同具有一般服务合同的共性,即通过提供劳务获取劳务债权且对劳务债权进行担保。因此,承包人工程款优先权应与服务合同体系中的留置权一致,担保主债权为劳务债权即包括成本、税费与利润的工程价款,担保范围为主债权、利息、违约金、损害赔偿金与实现担保的费用。作为劳务结果型服务合同,建设工程合同与劳务行为型合同不同。依此,可以从是否需要提交劳务成果、是否具有从属性以及有无资质要求三方面区分劳务分包合同与雇佣合同。在劳务结果型合同里,建设工程合同属于承揽合同的特别合同。建设工程合同作为承揽型合同,其承包人也像承揽人一样享有法定担保权,但因合同标的为建设工程,法律不准许承包人占有工程而损害公共利益,只是赋予了承包人工程款优先权。从体系角度审视,工程款优先权理应为法定担保权。同时,在法律没有规定发包人任意解除权的情况下,根据体系解释,发包人也应像定作人一样享有任意解除权,但不得损害招标投标秩序。The construction project contract belongs to the service contract,and the contractor's delivery does not change the real right,but only transfers the fact of possession.The project repurchase agreement signed by both parties is not a real repurchase,but only a project payment agreement.After the completion and acceptance of the project,the contractor shall not refuse to deliver the project,no matter whether it is agreed to be retained by the contractor.As a service contract,the construction project contract has the commonness of the general service contract,that is,to obtain the labor service creditor's rights by providing labor services and to guarantee the labor service creditor's rights.Therefore,the priority of the contractor's project payment should be consistent with the lien in the service contract system,the principal creditor's right of guarantee is the labor service creditor's right,that is,the project price including cost,tax and profit,and the scope of guarantee is the principal creditor's right,interest,liquidated damages,damages and the cost of realizing the guarantee.As a service contract of labor result type,the construction project contract is different from the contract of labor behavior type.In this way,we can distinguish the labor subcontract from the employment contract from three aspects:whether it needs to submit the labor results,whether it has subordination and whether it has qualification requirements.In the contract of labor service result,the construction project contract belongs to the special contract of the contract of work.As a contract,the contractor in the construction project contract also enjoys the legal security right like the contractor,but because the subject matter of the contract is the construction project,the law does not allow the contractor to occupy the project and damage the public interest,but only gives the contractor the priority of the project payment.From the perspective of the system,the priority of project funds should be a statutory security right.At the sam

关 键 词：典型合同 建设工程合同 工程款优先权 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学] D922.297[政治法律—法学]