担保合同无效时担保人责任规则释论  

Interpretation of the Guarantor's Liability Rules when the Guarantee Contract Is Invalid

作　　者：梁远高 宋丽萍 Liang Yuangao;Song Liping

机构地区：[1]深圳大学法学院 [2]深圳大学合规研究院

出　　处：《中国不动产法研究》2024年第2期129-147,313,314,共21页Research on Real Estate Law of China

基　　金：广东省教育厅普通高校青年创新人才项目“数字时代打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群的法治保障研究”(2023WQNCX059);深圳大学青年教师科研启动项目“民法典时代非典型担保法律适用的体系化研究”(000001032047);深圳市教育科学“十四五”规划2023年度课题人工智能专项“系统论视阈下生成式人工智能法律风险的治理研究”(rgzn23022)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：担保合同无效的责任分配规则从债权人利益保护立场逐渐向兼顾担保人利益的立场回归,但基于利益平衡的视角,《民法典担保制度解释》第17条中担保人的责任性质和责任范围仍然存在解释空间。担保合同单独无效时,过错担保人应就债权人的直接损失和间接损失承担缔约过失赔偿责任,债权人间接损失的最大赔偿范围为“债务人不能清偿部分”,基于担保的特殊属性,现行法采取了默示推定的态度,免除了债权人对间接损失的举证证明义务。在主合同无效导致担保合同无效时,担保人的过错为对主合同无效的过错,除债权人为无民事行为能力人外,担保人对主合同存在其他无效事由导致担保合同无效均无过错,不应承担主合同无效的赔偿责任。担保人对主合同无效的过错主要表现为单独或与债务人共同实施可撤销行为,帮助债务人实施可撤销行为,《民法典担保制度解释》第17条第2款的主要规制对象应为主合同被债权人撤销导致的担保合同无效,应对该款中的“主合同无效”作扩大解释。主合同无效导致担保合同无效情形下,担保人承担的赔偿责任存在第三人缔约过失责任、侵权责任与担保责任三种路径,其中侵权责任路径契合过错与责任范围相适应原则,是能够有效遏制不诚信担保行为的最佳路径。The liability allocation rule for invalidity of guarantee contract gradually returns from the standpoint of protecting the interests of creditors to that of taking into account the interests of guarantors.However,based on the perspective of interest equity,there is stil room for interpretation of the nature and scope of liability of fault guarantors'liability in Article 17 of the Guarantee System Interpretation of the Civil Code.When the guarantee contract is invalid alone,the fault guarantor should bear the compensation liability for the direct loss and indirect loss of the creditor.The maximum scope of compensation for the creditor's indirect losses is"the part that the debtor cannot repay",and based on the special attribute of the guarantee,the current law adopts an implied presumption attitude,which exempts the creditor from the burden of proof for the indirect loss.When the main contract is invalid and the guarantee contract is invalid,the fault of the guarantor is that the main contract is invalid.Except that the creditor is a person without civil capacity,the guarantor has no fault in the main contract resulting in the invalidation of the guarantee contract for other invalid reasons,and shall not be liable for compensation of the main contract.The fault of the guarantor for the invalidation of the master contract is mainly manifested as implementing the revocable act alone or jointly with the debtor or helping the debtor to implement the revocable act.The main regulation object of Article 17,paragraph 2,of the Interpretation of the Guarantee System of the Civil Code should be the invalidation of the guarantee contract caused by the cancellation of the master contract by the creditor,and the"invalidation of the master contract"in this paragraph should be expanded.When the main contract is invalid and the guarantee contract is invalid,the liability of the fault guarantor can be divided into three ways:the fault of the third party,the tort liability and the guarantee liability.The tort liability path is compa

关 键 词：担保合同 第三人缔约过失责任 损害担保之债 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学] D923.6[政治法律—法学]