干旱灌区地膜秸秆带状覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度的调控效应  

Regulation Effect of Strip Mulching with Plastic and Straw on Soil Temperature for Maize Farmland in Arid Irrigated Areas

作　　者：邵冠贵 李盼 胡发龙[1] 樊志龙[1] 范虹 何蔚 王凤 孙亚丽 殷文[1] 陈桂平[1] SHAO Guangui;LI Pan;HU Falong;FAN Zhilong;FAN Hong;HE Wei;WANG Feng;SUN Yali;YIN Wen;CHEN Guiping(State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州730070

出　　处：《西北农业学报》2024年第12期2261-2275,共15页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica

基　　金：甘肃农业大学青年导师扶持基金(GAU-QDFC-2022-1);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10);国家自然科学基金(32372238,32101857,U21A20218)。

摘　　要：针对长期地膜覆盖在西北绿洲灌区造成的残膜污染严重、土壤质量恶化以及玉米产量下降等问题,研究不同耕作(免耕、传统耕作)与覆盖方式(全膜覆盖、70%地膜覆盖/30%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖、70%地膜覆盖/30%不覆盖、50%地膜覆盖/50%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖、50%地膜覆盖/50%不覆盖)对玉米农田土壤温度及产量的影响。结果表明:地膜秸秆交替覆盖解决了秸秆覆盖早春低温制约因子及地膜覆盖盛夏极端高温制约因子,低温季节有保持土壤热量的作用,而在高温季节相比于传统耕作全膜覆盖能够降低土壤热量,免耕措施下70%地膜覆盖结合30%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖(NTP7S3)能够降低玉米农田土壤温度日变化幅度,起到稳定土壤温度的效果;较传统耕作全膜覆盖(CTP)有效改善了玉米农田土壤表层热量条件,较CTP处理全生育期平均土壤温度降低1.8℃~2.9℃,土壤积温降低294℃~470℃,避免了玉米根系及叶片发生早衰。同时,NTP7S3处理大气与玉米农田土壤温度的差值变化幅度最小,较传统对照CTP处理小1.1℃,减少了气温变化对玉米生长发育的过度影响。根据玉米籽粒产量与土壤温度及产量构成因素的灰色相关性分析,免耕地膜秸秆带状覆盖获得较高籽粒产量源于穗数、穗粒质量和千粒质量协同提高,以NTP7S3处理增产效果较好,比CTP增产4.6%。西北绿洲灌区70%地膜覆盖与30%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖结合免耕替代传统耕作全膜覆盖能在保证玉米高产稳产的同时减少地膜与机械投入,是适用于绿洲灌区玉米高产栽培的耕作覆盖方式。This study addresses the serious issues of residual plastic film pollution,soil quality deterioration and maize yield decline caused by long-term plastic film mulching in the oasis region of northwest China.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage practices(no tillage and conventional tillage)and five mulching methods(whole plastic film mulching,70%plastic film mulching combined with 30%straw mulching,70%plastic film mulching combined with no straw mulching,50%plastic film mulching combined with 50%straw mulching,50%plastic film mulching combined with 50%no mulching)on soil temperature and grain yield in these irrigated areas.The results showed that the alternating mulching of plastic film and straw effectively addressed the constraints of low temperatures in early spring and extremely high temperatures in summer.This method maintained soil heat during low temperature periods and reduced soil heat during high temperature periods compared with conventional tillage with whole plastic mulching(CTP).The no tillage with 70%plastic film mulching and 30%straw mulching(NTP7S3)reduced the daily variation range of soil temperature and stabilized soil temperature in maize farmland,the NTP7S3 treatment significantly improved the heat conditions of the soil surface layer when compared to the CTP treatment,with the average soil temperature reduced by 1.8℃to 2.9℃and soil accumulated temperature decreased by 294℃to 470℃over the whole growth period,thereby preventing premature senescence of maize roots and leaves.Meanwhile,the difference between atmospheric and soil temperatures in maize farmland treated with NTP7S3 exhibited the least variation,being 1.1℃lower than that in the CTP treatment,which mitigated the excessive influence of temperature fluctuations on maize growth and development.According to the grey correlation analysis of maize grain yield with soil temperature and yield components,the higher grain yield obtained with the NTP7S3 treatment resulted from a synergistic i

关 键 词：玉米 地膜秸秆带状覆盖 耕作措施 土壤温度 干旱灌区 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S152.8