商业例外条款的国家实践及启示——兼评中国《外国国家豁免法》第7条  

State Practice and Implications of the Commercial Exception Clause:A Review of Article 7 of The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity

作　　者：刘芳 周嘉晖 Liu Fang;Zhou Jiahui

机构地区：[1]中国计量大学法学院 [2]中国计量大学质量发展法治保障研究中心

出　　处：《海关与经贸研究》2024年第5期88-104,共17页Journal of Customs and Trade

摘　　要：国家主权豁免经历了从绝对豁免主义向限制性豁免主义的演进。商业例外是限制性豁免主义的关键规则,已逐渐被各国所接受。实践中,各国从自身需求出发诠释商业例外条款,产生适用分化,主要表现在商业活动的判断标准和适用条件两个方面。《外国国家豁免法》的颁布标志着中国转向限制性豁免政策,其第7条规定了外国国家从事商业活动的管辖豁免例外。然而,法院如果将行为“性质”和“目的”平等考虑,可能最终导致国家豁免范围的无限扩大。对此,应将“性质”作为首要标准,根据“非行使主权权力”这一关键点展开解释,强化规则适用的客观性和可操作性。同时,考虑到主权豁免案件不同于一般的民商事纠纷,法院在论证商业活动的管辖联系因素时,应当秉持谦抑态度,从严解释援引条件,适度限缩自身管辖权。The sovereign immunity of states has experienced the evolution from absolute immunity to restrictive immunity The Commercial Exception,which is a pivotal rule in restrictive immunity,has been gradually accepted by all countries In practice,countries interpret the Commercial Exception Clause according to their own needs,resulting in diversified application,which is mainly manifested in the commercial activity criterion and the applicable condition The enactment of The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity signifies a significant shift to restrictive immunity,of which Article 7 provides exceptions to jurisdictional immunity of foreign states engaged in commercial activities However,giving equal weight to the“nature”and“purpose”of specific acts could potentially lead to an unbounded expansion of the scope of state immunity In this regard,“nature”should be taken as the primary criterion,and the interpretation should be carried out according to the key point of“non-exercise of sovereign power”to strengthen the objectivity and operability of the appli-cation of the rules Meanwhile,given that cases involving sovereign immunity differ from ordinary civil and commercial disputes,Chinese courts,when examining the jurisdictional nexus requirement,should adopt a restrained approach,interpret the condition of invocation strictly and moderately narrow jurisdiction.

关 键 词：国家主权豁免 商业例外条款 外国国家豁免法 绝对豁免 限制性豁免 

分 类 号：F113[经济管理—国际贸易] D99[经济管理—世界经济]