佛郎机铳传入与晚明战法革新  

The Introduction of the Frankish Gun and the Innovation of Tactics in the Late Ming Army

作　　者：庞乃明[1] 李响 Pang Naiming;Li Xiang

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院

出　　处：《历史教学（下半月）》2024年第11期39-49,共11页History Teaching

摘　　要：作为晚明时引进最早、装备最多的欧式中型火器,佛郎机铳被广泛应用于城防、野战和水战之中,并衍生出许多具有中国特色的水陆战法,对晚明军队的战术革新发挥了重要引领作用。在城防中,佛郎机铳常被用来把守城门,又可置于城周炮台或沿城垛布设,还经常装备在沿边空心敌台上。在野战中,佛郎机铳是晚明多种车营的首选火器和火力中坚,有时兼具狙击敌将等高价值目标的作用,进而促成其野战战术由积极进取到稳健保守的分化。在水战中,佛郎机铳既能以其持续火力杀伤敌人有生力量,又能凭借其强大威力炮碎敌船,还能配合其他武器实施火攻。晚明依托佛郎机铳的水陆战法,因应当时军事实际,相较欧洲更为系统多样,是晚明整体军事变革的重要组成部分,体现了晚明中国军事技术领域的开放胸怀和创新活力。The Frankish gun(Breech-loader)was the earliest introduced and most equipped European medium firearm in the late Ming Dynasty.It was widely used in fortress defence,field and naval warfare,and gave rise to many new tactics with Chinese characteristics,promoting the tactical innovation of the late Ming army.In fortification,the Frankish guns were used to strengthen the defence at the city gates,and could be placed in fortified bastions,or deployed between battlements,and also equipped on the fortified towers of the Great wall.In field battles,The Frankish guns were the main weapons of the Ming battlewagons,and were also used to accurately shoot enemy generals.In naval battles,The Frankish guns were used both to consistently kill the crews of enemy ships and to directly destroy enemy warships,as well as to support firefighting tactics.A series of tactics using The Frankish guns during the Late Ming period were relevant to the actual situation in China,and were more complex and varied than those in Europe.These tactics were an important part of the military changes in China during the Late Ming period,and reflected China's openness and ability to innovate in the field of military technology during the Late Ming period.

关 键 词：佛郎机铳 城防战术 车营 水战 晚明 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]