外部危机、政府扶持与俄罗斯农业第二轮转型  

External Crisis,Government Support and the Second Transformation of Russian Agriculture

作　　者：肖辉忠[1,2] Xiao Huizhong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学政治与国际关系学院 [2]教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地华东师大俄罗斯研究中心

出　　处：《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2024年第6期137-157,162,163,共23页Russian，East European & Central Asian Studies

基　　金：华东师范大学俄罗斯与欧亚研究院“俄乌冲突与全球转型”的项目成果。

摘　　要：苏联解体之初,俄罗斯改革者对本国农业进行了声势浩大的改造,涉及农地私有化、国有和集体农场所有制改革、国家退出对农业的管理等。俄罗斯农业的第一轮转型开始并结束于20世纪90年代,标志性的结果是出现了中等规模的私人农场,但农业与农村没有复兴,农产品产量显著下降,需要进口大量的肉、奶、糖,食物安全由此成为俄罗斯的社会与政治议题。随着普京在21世纪之初就任国家领导人,俄罗斯开启了持续至今的第二轮农业转型。在这轮转型中,国家重返农业并推动建立新的大型生产主体,以此解决食物安全问题。现今,俄罗斯农业复兴,食物自给率实质性提高,成为国际市场上不可或缺的农产品出口大国。俄罗斯第二轮农业转型的关键是大型生产主体——农业控股公司的出现与壮大。诸多外部危机所带来的机会、俄政府对大型农业生产主体的偏好与扶持,是农业控股公司崛起的关键因素。农业控股公司是俄罗斯农业强国之路的依托,在中俄农业合作日益密切的当下,国内学术界与实业界有必要对俄农业控股公司现象给予关注和研究。At the outset of the collapse of the Soviet Union,Russian reformers initiated a comprehensive restructuring of the country's agricultural sector.This entailed the privatization of farmland,the reform of the ownership system of state-ownedand collective farms,and the withdrawal of the state from the management of agriculture.The first round of transformation of Russian agriculture commenced and concluded in the 1990s.The most notable outcome was the advent of medium-sized private farms.However,this did not result in a resurgence of agricultural production or a revitalization of the rural economy.Instead,agricultural output declined considerably,necessitating the importation of substantial quantities of meat,milk,and sugar.Consequently,food security has emerged as a pivotal social and political concern in Russia.With Vladimir Putin becoming the country's leader at the beginning of the 2lst century,Russia embarked on the second agricultural transformation,which remains ongoing.In this transformation,the government re-engaged with agriculture and facilitated the establishment of new large-scale production entities as a means of addressing food security concerns.Currently,Russian agriculture has undergone a notable revitalization,with substantial improvements in food self-sufficiency,and the country has become a prominent agricultural exporter in the international market.The emergence and growth of large-scale production entities,namely agricultural holdings,represents a pivotal aspect of the second wave of agricultural transformation in Russia.The opportunities presented by various external crises,as well as the Russian government's preference for and support of large agricultural production entities,are pivotal factors in the ascendance of agricultural holding companies.These companies are the cornerstone of Russia's trajectory towards becoming a prominent agricultural country.As China and Russia's agricultural cooperation continues to intensify,it is imperative for domestic academia and industry to direct attention

关 键 词：俄罗斯农业转型 俄罗斯农业控股公司 外部危机 政府扶持 

分 类 号：F351.2[经济管理—产业经济] D751.2[政治法律—政治学]