miRNA的发现之旅--2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖解读  

The discovery journey of miRNA:An interpretation of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

作　　者：梁英 于文强 LIANG Ying;YU Wenqiang(Precision Pharmacy&Drug Development Center,Department of Pharmacy,Tangdu Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710038,China;Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,China)

机构地区：[1]空军军医大学附属第二医院(第四军医大学唐都医院)药剂科精准用药与创新药物研究中心,西安710038 [2]复旦大学生物医学研究院EpiRNA实验室,上海200032

出　　处：《自然杂志》2024年第6期421-428,共8页Chinese Journal of Nature

摘　　要：2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国科学家维克多·安博斯(Victor Ambros)与加里·鲁弗肯(Gary Ruvkun),以表彰其在微小RNA(miRNA)领域的卓越贡献。miRNA是一类长度约22个核苷酸的非编码RNA,通过特定机制在转录后水平调控基因表达,参与多种生物学过程。两位科学家的研究不仅奠定了miRNA在基因调控中的核心地位,也为医学应用开辟了新途径。本文不仅阐述了miRNA的经典负性调控机制及其生理功能,还深入探索了细胞核内一类新兴的核激活RNA(NamiRNA),这类特殊的miRNA通过特异性地靶向增强子区域,展现出独特的激活作用。这一创新性发现不仅极大地拓宽了miRNA研究的视野,更为细胞核内miRNA的激活机制研究开启了一个崭新的时代。miRNA作为肿瘤诊断标志物和治疗靶点展现出巨大潜力,但仍面临挑战。随着研究深入,miRNA有望在医学领域实现更多突破,为疾病治疗提供新策略。In 2024,American scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their outstanding contributions in the field of microRNA(miRNA).miRNAs,a class of non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length,regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through specific mechanisms and are involved in various biological processes.The research conducted by these two scientists not only established the central role of miRNAs in gene regulation but also opened up new avenues for medical applications.The current work not only elaborates on the classic negative regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of miRNAs but also delves into a novel category of miRNAs within the nucleus,termed NamiRNAs.These unique miRNAs exhibit distinct activating effects by specifically targeting enhancer regions.This innovative discovery not only significantly broadens the horizons of miRNA research but also ushers in a new era of exploration into the activation mechanisms of nuclear miRNAs.miRNAs have demonstrated great potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancers,albeit facing challenges.As research progresses,miRNAs hold promise for achieving more breakthroughs in the medical field and offering new strategies for disease treatment.

关 键 词：微小RNA 核激活RNA 维克多·安博斯 加里·鲁弗肯 标志物 功能 

分 类 号：Q75[生物学—分子生物学]