未成年人监护人责任的法律性质  

The Legal Nature of the Responsibility of Guardians of Minors

作　　者：姚帅 YAO Shuai(Law School,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan,Hubei 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《时代法学》2024年第6期82-94,共13页Presentday Law Science

基　　金：湖南省教育厅科学研究项目“湖南省水资源资产化法律制度研究”(项目编号:22C0041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：未成年人监护人责任的法律性质以监护关系为基础,监护关系虽符合替代责任所要求的特定关系、侵权行为、因果关系三项构成要件,但相比于典型替代责任下的雇佣关系,“认定理论”“企业风险理论”与“公平理论”均无法作为监护关系的理论基础。监护人与未成年人之间由控制关系向监督、教育和管理关系的转变使得监护人责任性质落入自己责任的范畴之内,监护人对未成年人的注意义务可在交往安全义务当中寻找正当性依据,而信义关系的存在又能够将监护人责任性质与债因型交往安全义务进行有效串联。作为责任性质问题的延续,交往安全义务下的过错推定责任原则嵌入监护人责任需要以公平责任作为补充。因此,《民法典》第1188条第1款可分解为“自己责任+过错推定责任原则+公平责任”的基本构造。The legal nature of the guardianship responsibility of minors is based on the guardianship relationship.Although the guardianship relationship meets the specific relationship,tort behavior,and causal relationship requirements of alternative liability,compared to the employment relationship under typical alternative liability,the“identification theory”,“enterprise risk theory”,and“fairness theory”cannot serve as the theoretical basis for guardianship relationship.The transition from a control relationship to a supervision,education,and management relationship between guardians and minors has led to the nature of guardians responsibilities falling within their own scope.The guardians duty of care towards minors can seek legitimacy in their social security obligations,and the existence of a fiduciary relationship can effectively link the nature of guardians responsibilities with debt based social security obligations.As a continuation of the issue of the nature of responsibility,the principle of fault presumption responsibility under the obligation of social security needs to be embedded in the guardian s responsibility,supplemented by fair responsibility.Therefore,Article 1188(1)of the Civil Code can be decomposed into the basic structure of“self responsibility+presumption of fault responsibility principle+fair responsibility”.

关 键 词：替代责任 自己责任 交往安全义务 公平责任 

分 类 号：D923.3[政治法律—民商法学]