住宅权限制视野下的住所检查制度研究  

Study on the Residence Inspection System under the View of the Residence Right Restriction

作　　者：张宇 Zhang Yu

机构地区：[1]郑州警察学院治安学系

出　　处：《人权研究》2024年第4期33-51,共19页Chinese Journal of Human Rights

基　　金：2023年中央高校基本科研业务经费项目“检查公民住所制度的理论分析与现实考察”(项目号:2023TJJBKY040)。

摘　　要：明确住宅权的保护范围是住宅权限制合宪性审查的首要环节。其意义在于透过规范目的,围绕住宅权作为自由权的根本属性,解释宪法上“住宅”的概念,并将之映射于《治安管理处罚法》“住所”概念的界定之中。住宅权是只能由法律进行限制的基本权利,住所检查是公安机关干预公民住宅权的具体形态。因宪法采取概括式限制的方式,立法机关享有较大的裁量空间,故需对住所检查制度的合宪性进行审视。形式审查阶段以法律保留原则为基准,因当场检查住所由部门规章设定,且违反上位法确立的审批原则,在形式合宪性审查中需予以否定评价。实质审查阶段以比例原则为中心,考察立法是否产生对住宅权的过度限制。住所检查制度可以通过目的正当性、妥当性的审查,但在必要性及均衡性审查阶段仍需具体考量当场检查、强行进入住所检查“入法”的合比例性。Clarifying the protection scope of the residence right is the fi rst step in examining the constitutionality of the residence right restriction.Its signifi cance is to interpret the concept of“residence”in the Constitution around the fundamental attribute of the right of freedom through normative purposes,and map it into the defi nition of the concept of“residence”in the Law of Public Security Administration and Punishment.The residence right is a basic right which can be restricted only by law,and the residence inspection is a concrete form of public security organs interfering with citizens’residence right.Because the Constitution adopts the way of general restrictions,the legislature enjoys large discretion space.As a result,it is necessary to examine the constitutionality of the residence inspection system.The formal review stage is based on the principle of legal reservation.Because the on-site inspection of the residence is set by the department rules and violates the approval principle established by superordinate laws,it needs to be negatively evaluated in the formal constitutionality review.The substantive review stage focuses on the principle of proportionality,and examines whether the legislation produces excessive restrictions on the residence right.The residence inspection system can pass the examinations of the legitimacy and the appropriateness of the purpose,but at the necessity and balance review stage,it is still necessary to consider the proportionality of the on-site inspection and the forced entry and inspection of the residence“into the law”.

关 键 词：住宅权 保护范围 住所检查 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D922.14[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D921[政治法律—法学]