创造“无人的荒野”:从系谱学看美国国家公园制度与土著人民人权危机  

The Making of the“Untouched Wilderness”:A Genealogical Analysis of the Establishment of Early American National Parks

作　　者：何雨宸 朱明哲 He Yuchen;Zhu Mingzhe

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学比较法学研究院 [2]格拉斯哥大学法学院

出　　处：《人权研究》2024年第4期80-102,共23页Chinese Journal of Human Rights

摘　　要：环境法学者往往强调国家公园的生态保护功能,却忽略了这一制度带来的政治社会关系变革。从系谱学的视角分析和整理美国的国家公园制度在1872年创立时的社会背景、立法过程和司法判决,将揭示该制度对定居者、土著人民和环境三者关系的重构。早期国家公园的建立始终伴随着对印第安人的殖民压迫,造成了严重的人权危机。这一制度设立的初衷是满足来自欧洲的殖民定居者身份认同与宗教信仰的需求,并在实施中逐渐演化成了现代国家进行殖民掠夺的制度工具。通过污名化印第安人的生计、否认其条约权利和暴力驱逐等方式,美国政府在19世纪把早期国家公园变成了“无人的荒野”,剥夺了国家公园界内及附近土著人民的生存权、土地权和自然资源权。无论是19世纪盛行的天命论还是现在为国家公园制度辩护的生态话语,都无法正当化国家公园制度背后的霸权结构和殖民主义色彩。While environmental law scholars often emphasize national parks’contributions to ecological conservation,they frequently overlook the transformations in political and social relationships brought about by these institutions,as well as their colonial foundations.From a genealogical perspective,it reveals the crisis of indigenous rights caused by the establishment of the American national park system,dating back to 1872.By analyzing the social context,legislative processes,and judicial decisions that made early American national parks possible,we examine how these parks transformed relationships among European settlers,indigenous peoples,and the environment.The establishment of early national parks was accompanied by colonial oppression of indigenous peoples,resulting in severe human rights violations.Rather than environmental conservation,the original intention behind these parks was to shape settlers’identities and satisfy their religious ambitions.This intention aligned with the modern colonial State’s need to seize land and natural resources from indigenous communities.To convert areas designated as national parks into“untouched wilderness”,the U.S.government stigmatized indigenous livelihoods,denied treaty rights,and forcibly expelled indigenous people.Neither the 19th century doctrine of Manifest Destiny nor the ecological discourse currently used to defend the national park can justify the hegemonic structures and power dynamics that underlying this institution.

关 键 词：美国国家公园 土著人民 人权危机 生态殖民 

分 类 号：D771.2[政治法律—政治学] D971.2[政治法律—中外政治制度]