不同整形方式对澳洲坚果植株冠层生理特性、产量及品质的影响  

Effects of different pruning methods on canopy physiological characteristics,yield,and quality of macadamia

作　　者：岳海[1] 何双凌[1] 陈宇春 宁娅 贺熙勇[1] YUE Hai;HE Shuang-ling;CHEN Yu-chun;NING Ya;HE Xi-yong(Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops,Yunnan Macadamia Agricultural Engineering Research Center,Jinghong 666100,China)

机构地区：[1]云南省热带作物科学研究所/云南省澳洲坚果农业工程研究中心,云南景洪666100

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2024年第6期1382-1389,共8页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：云南省盈江县澳洲坚果产业科技特派团(202104BI090004);中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目(云[2022]TG05号);云南省热带作物科技创新体系建设专项(RF2023-14);兴滇英才支持计划项目。

摘　　要：研究不同整形修剪对植株冠层特性、产量和果实品质的影响,为澳洲坚果园树体管理和农艺配套措施等提供依据。以10年生的澳洲坚果品种O.C为试验材料,对植株进行主干分层形(A处理)、疏散分层形(B处理)和多干开心形(C处理)等整形修剪处理,对照(CK)仅进行控高处理,连续3年观测各处理对树体冠层特性、坐果率、壳果单重、单株产量及果实品质等的变化。试验处理期间(2019年9月-2022年9月),植株叶面积指数大小总体表现为CK>A处理>B处理>C处理,在修剪初期(1月)各处理显著降低,修剪后期(8月)显著提高,光合有效辐射与叶面积指数变化趋势相反;修剪处理显著提高了坐果率、壳果单重及产量,总体表现为A处理>B处理>C处理>CK,并显著提高了果仁粗脂肪及棕榈油酸含量,对单个果仁重、出仁率等影响明显;在试验第1年,修剪处理后叶面积指数和光合有效辐射变化较大,如叶面积指数比对照降低60.70%(A处理)、65.17%(B处理)和67.09%(C处理)。随着试验进行(2021年-2022年),叶面积指数、光合有效辐射变化趋稳,叶面积指数比对照平均降低39.33%(A处理)、40.28%(B处理)和42.10%(C处理);澳洲坚果产量在试验期间年际变化各异,试验第1年比处理前的产量明显下降18.57%,其中,对照降低26.30%,而修剪处理平均降低15.91%。可见,修剪处理有一定的稳产作用,在处理第2年产量回升显著,修剪处理比处理前产量提高36.04%,对照仅同比升高3.61%,表明修剪处理可以显著提高澳洲坚果产量,但产量存在年际间的不同变化。综合来看,试验处理可明显改善植株冠层光照条件,提高坐果率及单个壳果的重量,单株产量显著提高,果实品质得以改善,尤其对内在品质如粗脂肪及棕榈油酸的含量提高显著,其中以主干分层形效果更为显著。The present study to assess the impact of different pruning methods on macadamia canopy character⁃istics,yield,and quality were evaluated,thus providing an important reference for management of macadamia or⁃chards.Specifically,10 years old trees of cultivar O.C were used and modified to trunk layered(treatment A),de⁃layed-open layered(treatment B),and multi trunk open center(treatment C),with CK only for height control treat⁃ment.The variation of tree canopy characteristics,fruit setting rat,nut-in shell of individual,yield of individual tree,fruit quality,were evaluated for three consecutive years(September 2019 to September 2022).During this peri⁃od,the overall trend of leaf area index was that CK>trunk layered>delayed-open layered>multi trunk open center,decreased significantly in the early stage of pruning(January)and increased significantly in the late pruning stage(August).The trend of photosynthetically active radiation was opposite to that of leaf area index.The fruit setting rate,nut-in shell of individual,yield of individual tree significantly improved by pruning treatments,as well as the content of crude fat and palmitoleic acid.In general,trunk layered exhibited the highest efficacy,followed by de⁃layed open layered,multi trunk open center,and CK.Meanwhile,the individual kernel weight and kernel rate showed significant improvements.Under the first year of the experiment,the leaf area index and photosynthetic ef⁃fective radiation showed significant changes by pruning treatment.The leaf area index of treatment A,treatment B,and treatment C decreased by 60.70%,65.17%,and 67.09%,respectively,compared with CK.Along with the exper⁃iment(2021-2022),the leaf area index and photosynthetic effective radiation decreased slightly compared to CK,for example,treatment A,treatment B,and treatment C decreased by 39.33%,40.28%,and 42.10%,respectively.The yield varies with years,in the first year of the experiment,the yield significantly decreased by 18.57%with pruning treatment,the control and average

关 键 词：澳洲坚果 整形修剪 冠层特性 单株产量 果实品质 棕榈油酸 

分 类 号：S565.9[农业科学—作物学]