普朗克常数h的四个来处  

The four distinct comings of Planck s constant h

作　　者：曹则贤[1] CAO Ze-xian(Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院物理研究所,北京100190

出　　处：《大学物理》2024年第11期1-6,15,共7页College Physics

摘　　要：普朗克常数h是普适物理常数之一,是量子理论的标签.普朗克常数h的来处包括普朗克推导黑体辐射谱分布、爱因斯坦诠释光电效应、普朗克(包括玻尔、玻色)的相空间量子化以及薛定谔挽救外尔的引力-电磁理论的努力,其角色包括仅作为常数因子使得hν具有能量量纲进而使得hν/kT无量纲量,自身作为作用量子、相空间体积单元或者角动量单元(以=h/2π的面目作为作用-角共轭变量对中的作用的单位,或者角动量算符的单位),以hν的面目作为光能量量子,以及以i h或i的面目出现在波动理论中.不同来处的普朗克常数h间的关联恰恰反映了它的普适性.顺便说一句,普朗克、爱因斯坦在使用hν时都没伴随有革命性的观念.Planck’s constant h,the tag of quantum theory,is one of the universal physical constants.The various distinct comings of Planck’s constant include the derivation of Plank’s spectral distribution formula for black-body radiation,Einstein’s interpretation of the experimental results concerning photoelectric effect,quantization of phase space by Planck(and also by Bohr and Bose),and Schr dinger’s effort to rescue the unified theory of gravity and electricity by Weyl,in which the role of the constant h is either simply a prefactor to make hνof the same dimension as energy or to make hν/kT dimensionless,a quantum of action per se,the volume element of the phase space or the angular momentum,or the energy quantum for light in the form of h,or a factor in the wave theory in the form of i h or i.The distinct comings of the Planck’s constant in the quantum theory rightly justifies its universality.By the way,neither Planck nor Einstein had introduced any revolutionary ideas by applying the energy quantum h.

关 键 词：普朗克常数 光能量量子 作用量子 相空间量子化 相因子 

分 类 号：O4-09[理学—物理]