宋代妇女佛教信仰探析  

An Analysis of Buddhist Beliefs Among Women in the Song Dynasty

作　　者：马列 Ma Lie(College of History and Culture,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050010)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学历史文化学院,石家庄050010

出　　处：《西部学刊》2024年第23期106-109,共4页Journal of Western

摘　　要：作为宋代最具影响力的宗教之一,佛教的发展与妇女群体息息相关。在佛教的世俗化发展、动荡的底层社会环境、封建理学的压抑、健康及基本生存难以保障等多重因素的影响下,信仰佛教成为宋代众多妇女缓解痛苦压力、维持自身生存的寄托与手段。作为宋代佛教中的重要派别,禅宗因通俗的教义、简明的修行程序,在妇女信徒中具有重大的影响力。除女性僧人外,宋代妇女信徒包括宫廷妇女、知识分子周边妇女、平民妇女等,其中又以平民妇女为主体。关于信仰方式,非出家妇女有布施、诵经等;比丘尼的信仰方式则更加系统,包括受具足戒、出外云游以及开坛讲经等。在宋代,妇女信仰佛教这一现象造成的影响复杂多样:对佛教而言,大量妇女信仰佛教扩大了信徒基础,为佛教的发展提供了物质支持;对社会而言,妇女信仰佛教既有利于巩固国家统治秩序、提高土地利用率和控制疾病传播,又会减少劳动力来源、导致社会不良风气的发生;对妇女群体而言,信仰佛教能够在一定程度上提高其文化水平,对保证广大底层妇女的基本生存具有一定的帮助。As one of the most influential religions during the Song Dynasty,the development of Buddhism was closely related to women’s groups.Under the influence of multiple factors such as the secular development of Buddhism,the turbulent underlying social environment,the oppression of feudal neo-confucianism,and the difficulty in guaranteeing health and basic survival,the belief in Buddhism became the sustenance and means for many women in the Song Dynasty to relieve the pressure of pain and maintain their own survival.As an important sect of Buddhism in the Song Dynasty,Zen had a great influence on women believers because of its popular teachings and concise practice procedures.In addition to female monks,women believers in the Song Dynasty included palace women,women around intellectuals,civilian women,etc.,among which civilian women were the main body.Regarding the ways of faith,laywomen engaged in practices such as almsgiving and chanting scriptures;while the faith practices of Bhikkhunis were more systematic,including receiving the full precepts,wandering afar,and delivering lectures on Buddhist scriptures.The phenomenon of women’s belief in Buddhism during the Song Dynasty had complex and diverse impacts:for Buddhism,the large number of women believers broadened its follower base and provided material support for its development;for society,women’s belief in Buddhism not only helped consolidate the state’s ruling order,improve land utilization,and control the spread of diseases,but also reduced the source of labor and led to the emergence of undesirable social trends;for women themselves,believing in Buddhism could,to a certain extent,enhance their cultural level and provide some assistance in ensuring the basic survival of the broad masses of lower-class women.

关 键 词：妇女 佛教信仰 理学 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学] K244[历史地理—历史学]