Imaging the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions and nuclear structure across the nuclide chart  

作　　者：Jiangyong Jia Giuliano Giacalone Benjamin Bally James Daniel Brandenburg Ulrich Heinz Shengli Huang Dean Lee Yen‑Jie Lee Constantin Loizides Wei Li Matthew Luzum Govert Nijs Jacquelyn Noronha‑Hostler Mateusz Ploskon Wilke van der Schee Bjoern Schenke Chun Shen Vittorio Somà Anthony Timmins Zhangbu Xu You Zhou 

机构地区：[1]Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,NY 11794,USA [2]Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton,NY 11973,USA [3]CERN,CH‑1211 Geneve 23,Switzerland [4]IRFU,CEA,UniversitéParis-Saclay,91191 Gif‑sur‑Yvette,France [5]The Ohio State University,Columbus,OH 43210‑1117,USA [6]Michigan State University,East Lansing,MI 48824,USA [7]Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA 02139,USA [8]Rice University,Houston,TX 77005,USA [9]Instituto de Física,Universidade de São Paulo,R.do Matão 1371,São Paulo 05508‑090,Brazil [10]University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL 61801,USA [11]Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA 94720,USA [12]Wayne State University,Detroit,MI 48201,USA [13]RIKEN BNL Research Center,Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton,NY 11973,USA [14]University of Houston,Houston,TX 77204,USA [15]Physics Department,Kent State University,Kent,OH 44242,USA [16]Niels Bohr Institute,University of Copenhagen,Blegdamsvej 17,2100 Copenhagen,Denmark

出　　处：《Nuclear Science and Techniques》2024年第12期438-454,共17页核技术（英文）

基　　金：U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Ofifce of Nuclear Physics,under Award or Contract No.DE-SC002418(JDB),DE-SC0024602(SH,JJ,CZ),DE-SC0004286(UH),DE-FG02-10ER41666(CL,WL),DE-SC0013365,DE-SC0024586 and DE-SC0023175(DL),DE-SC0011088(YL),DE-AC02-05CH11231(MP),DE-FG02-89ER40531(AT),DE-SC0012704(BS),DE-SC0021969 and DE-SC0024232(CS),DE-SC0023861(JN),DE-FG02-07ER41521(ZX);by National Science Foundation under grant number OAC-2103680(JN);by European Union(ERC,Initial Conditions),VILLUM FONDEN with grant no.00025462,and Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond(YZ);by FAPESP projects 2017/05685-2,2018/24720-6,and 2021/08465-9,project INCT-FNA Proc.~No.~464898/2014-5,and CAPES-Finance Code 001(ML)。

摘　　要：High-energy nuclear collisions encompass three key stages:the structure of the colliding nuclei,informed by low-energy nuclear physics,the initial condition,leading to the formation of quark-gluon plasma(QGP),and the hydrodynamic expansion and hadronization of the QGP,leading to fnal-state hadron distributions that are observed experimentally.Recent advances in both experimental and theoretical methods have ushered in a precision era of heavy-ion collisions,enabling an increasingly accurate understanding of these stages.However,most approaches involve simultaneously determining both QGP properties and initial conditions from a single collision system,creating complexity due to the coupled contributions of these stages to the fnal-state observables.To avoid this,we propose leveraging established knowledge of low-energy nuclear structures and hydrodynamic observables to independently constrain the QGP's initial condition.By conducting comparative studies of collisions involving isobar-like nuclei—species with similar mass numbers but diferent ground-state geometries—we can disentangle the initial condition's impacts from the QGP properties.This approach not only refnes our understanding of the initial stages of the collisions but also turns high-energy nuclear experiments into a precision tool for imaging nuclear structures,ofering insights that complement traditional low-energy approaches.Opportunities for carrying out such comparative experiments at the Large Hadron Collider and other facilities could signifcantly advance both highenergy and low-energy nuclear physics.Additionally,this approach has implications for the future electron-ion collider.While the possibilities are extensive,we focus on selected proposals that could beneft both the high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics communities.Originally prepared as input for the long-range plan of U.S.nuclear physics,this white paper refects the status as of September 2022,with a brief update on developments since then.

关 键 词：Nuclear structure Heavy-ion collisions Collective behavior Quark-gluon plasma 

分 类 号：O571.6[理学—粒子物理与原子核物理]