德国《疾病保险法》缘起、内容与借鉴  

The Origins,Content and References of the German Health Insurance Act

作　　者：高和荣[1] 汤珍妮 GAO He-rong;TANG Zhen-ni(Xiamen University)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学公共事务学院

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第6期85-91,104,共8页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学重大攻关项目“新时代提高保障和改善民生水平研究”(18JZD043)。

摘　　要：着眼于国家统一与社会凝聚,传承德国行会互助保险精神,深受官房学派特别是国家干预主义、工人运动以及将社会问题转化为非政治的技术问题和制度调解思想的影响,德国于1883年出台、1884年实施了世界上第一部社会医疗保险法律。该法注重普遍性和强制性,明确了强制参保特别是强制低收入者参保、以支定收筹集资金、基本医疗服务普遍享有和监管主体多元等原则,体现了人类解决医疗费用负担问题的最初原理和基本精神,彰显了社会医疗保险的社会团结价值。德国《疾病保险法》的精髓在于它把促进国家认同与增进社会凝聚作为重要目标和使命,采取累进缴费、基本普惠的社会互济原理而摒弃“多缴多得、长缴多得”的商业保险法则。这对我们切实解决民众看病难、看病贵问题,积极探讨如何通过社会医疗保险制度的改革以增进社会融合,具有十分重要的现实价值。Focusing on national unity and social cohesion,Germany introduced the world’s first social health insurance law in 1883,which came into effect the following year.This law was influenced by the spirit of mutual aid found in German guilds and the ideas of Cameralism,especially those related to state intervention,the workers’movement and the transformation of social issues into technical problems that can be resolved through institutional mediation.The law emphasizes universality and compulsory coverage,particularly for low-income individuals,and establishes principles for funding based on contributions,ensuring universal access to basic medical services and incorporating diverse regulatory bodies.It reflects the fundamental principles and core spirit of human’s efforts to address the burden of medical expenses,highlighting the value of social solidarity in social health insurance.The essence of the German Health Insurance Act lies in its aim to promote national identity and enhance social cohesion as key goals and responsibilities.It adopts a progressive contribution system based on mutual support,rather than the commercial insurance principle of“the more you pay,the more you receive.”This is of great practical value for us to effectively solve the problem of difficult and expensive medical treatment for the public and actively explore how to enhance social integration through the reform of social medical insurance system.

关 键 词：疾病保险法 社会医疗保险 弱者优先 社会凝聚 

分 类 号：D951.6[政治法律—法学]