弱国家、强部落:伊拉克战争后部落外在政治研究  

Weak Nation, Strong Tribes: A Study of the External Politics of Tribesafter the Iraq War

作　　者：刘东宁 马立蓉 Liu Dongning;Ma Lirong

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学阿拉伯学院

出　　处：《阿拉伯研究论丛》2023年第1期203-218,共16页Arab Studies

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金青年项目“现当代海湾阿拉伯部落政治研究”(项目批准号20CGJ045)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：伊拉克部落内在政治治理具有一定的稳定性,部落基于原始民主实现内部的“对立平衡”,基于政治平等限制酋长权威,同时部落基于族亲意识团结部落成员。在对外政治交往过程中,部落与国家、部落与宗教呈现不同程度上的互动关系。伊拉克战争后,部落政治具有了新的表征:一是部落政治再次成为伊拉克政治生态的重要旋律;二是逊尼派阿拉伯部落与强大政治势力合作,谋求最大政治利益;三是什叶派阿拉伯部落与宗教学者政教融合,什叶派社会陷入分裂;四是库尔德部落联合政治精英推动自治,谋求政治私利。这些表征的形成既有一定的历史渊源,也受到多重社会现实的影响,具体表现在五个层面:一是伊拉克社会的“再部落化”使部落恢复了社会动员能力,必然为各方势力所忌惮;二是宗派政治主导联邦政府的国家建设,使伊拉克部落向宗派化方向发展;三是政府孱弱腐败,治理赤字严重,为部落政治的滋生提供肥沃的土壤;四是国家治理能力不足,政局持续动荡,部落为部落民提供唯一可靠的安全庇护;五是部落的“生存战略”使其总是与强权结盟,谋求政治寻租空间。There is a certain stability in the internal political governance of Iraqi tribes,which are based on the"balanced opposition"within the original democratic reality,limiting the authority of chiefs based on political equality,while the tribes unite tribal members based on the sense of kinship.In the process of foreign political exchanges,tribes and nation,tribes and religions have showed different degrees of interactive relationships.After the Iraq War,tribal politics has new representations:First,tribal politics has once again become an important melody of Iraq's political ecology;Second,Sunni Arab tribes cooperate with powerful political forces in pursuit of maximum political interests;Third,the Shiite Arab tribes and religious scholars have integrated politics and religion,and Shiite society has fallen into a split;Fourth,the Kurdish tribes united with the political elite to promote autonomy and seek political self-interest.The formation of these representations has both a certain historical origin and is also affected by multiple social realities,which are embodied in five levels:First,the"re-tribalization"of Iraqi society has restored the ability of the tribe to mobilize society,which is bound to be feared by all forces;Second,sectarian politics dominates the nation-building of the federal government,making Iraqi tribes develop in the direction of sectarianization;Third,the government is weak and corrupt,and the governance deficit is serious,providing fertile soil for the breeding of tribal politics;Fourth,the country's governance capacity is insufficient,the political situation continues to be turbulent,and the tribes provide the only reliable safe shelter for the tribal people;Fifth,the"survival strategy"of the tribe makes it always ally with the powerful and seeks political rent-seeking space.

关 键 词：战后伊拉克 部落外在政治 弱国家、强部落 

分 类 号：D815.4[政治法律—国际关系] D737.7[政治法律—政治学]