黄河全流域科学考察的几点认识和思考  

Scientific investigation on the entire Yellow River basin:understanding and reflections

作　　者：金钊 余欣[3,4] 李振洪[5,6] 谭亮成 李军华 Jin Zhao;Yu Xin;Li Zhenhong;Tan Liangcheng;Li Junhua

机构地区：[1]黄土科学全国重点实验室(筹),西安710016 [2]中国科学院地球环境研究所,西安710016 [3]黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院,郑州450003 [4]黄河实验室,郑州450003 [5]陕西省黄河科学研究院,西安710054 [6]长安大学,西安710054

出　　处：《中国水利》2024年第23期7-11,6,共6页China Water Resources

基　　金：黄土科学全国重点实验室(筹)黄河科考专项项目(E352010000)。

摘　　要：黄河科考以黄河全流域系统为对象,从地球系统科学多圈层多尺度多要素的视角,考察研究黄河流域气候变化、大规模人类活动、生态环境安全和水沙平衡,为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供科技支撑。科考队通过2023年和2024年的考察,取得了初步进展和认识。①上游:受全球变暖的影响,水源涵养区水资源时空格局发生显著变化,未来黄河上游水量可能增加,但能够持续多长时间仍需要加强预测研究;上游峡谷段发育有一系列巨型滑坡,在降雨增多的影响下部分滑坡已出现局部复活迹象;上游大型水电开发与地质环境之间存在互馈效应,泥沙堆积和库岸滑坡对水电站正常运行产生潜在影响。②中游:黄土高原退耕还林还草、固沟保塬、治沟造地、光伏治沙、集雨补灌、乡村振兴等方面有很多新思路值得推广,但对人工植被恢复与水资源承载力的制约关系认识不足,对“以水定绿”的科学认识需要加强;黄河“几字弯”风沙淤堵黄河河道,加剧“新悬河”灾变风险,亟待加强沙漠入河区系统治理;对中游极端气候产生的水土流失和灾害风险认识不足,防范意识不够。当前,黄土高原综合治理需要将该区域作为一个整体,系统贯彻黄土高原生态环境综合治理“26字方略”。③下游:探查了近5000年来黄河下游河道流路摆动改道和演变特征,初步认识了黄河千年-百年尺度洪水及对人类社会的影响;调查了黄河下游悬河和二级悬河现状,提出防范黄河决堤仍然是未来工作的重中之重;调研了黄河滩区面临的问题和困境,提出合理规划滩区类型、因滩施策、综合治理下游滩区,加快低滩区居民迁建,统筹做好高滩区防洪安全和土地利用等措施是推进滩区生态综合整治的一个方向。当前,黄河科考还不够系统和全面,建议各部门联合,组织跨领域、跨学科的科考队伍,深入全面和系�The scientific investigation of the Yellow River basin adopts a holistic approach,focusing on the basin as a system.From the perspective of multi-sphere,multi-scale,and multi-factor interactions within earth system science,it examines climate change,large-scale human activities,ecological environment security,and water-sediment balance.The aim is to provide scientific and technological support for ecological protection and high-quality development of the basin.Preliminary findings from investigations conducted in 2023 and 2024 are summarized as follows:(1)Upstream:The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in water-conserving areas has undergone significant changes due to global warming.While water availability in the upstream Yellow River may increase,the duration of this trend requires further research.Large-scale landslides have developed in upstream canyons,with some showing signs of reactivation due to increased rainfall.There CHINA WATER RESOURCES 2024.23 is a feedback effect between large hydropower projects and geological environments,with sediment deposition and reservoir bank landslides posing potential risks to hydropower operations.(2)Midstream:Practices such as converting farmland to forests and grasslands,gully restoration,photovoltaic sand control,rainwater harvesting for irrigation,and rural revitalization on the Loess Plateau demonstrate innovative approaches.However,there is insufficient understanding of the constraints between artificial vegetation restoration and water resource carrying capacity,highlighting the need for a“green development based on water conditions”strategy.Sandstorms and sediment deposition in theΩ-shaped Yellow River bend exacerbate the risk of“emerging suspended rivers”,requiring systematic desert management.Additionally,the region’s vulnerability to extreme weather-induced soil erosion and disasters remains under-addressed,necessitating comprehensive and integrated management strategies.(3)Downstream:Investigations of the Yellow River’s lower re

关 键 词：黄河 全流域 科学考察 地球系统科学 整体流域系统 

分 类 号：TV882.1[水利工程—水利水电工程] N8[自然科学总论]