论数据权利保护的宪法规范逻辑  

On the Constitutional Normative Logic of Data Rights Protection

作　　者：郑贤君[1] Zheng Xianjun

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学政法学院

出　　处：《人权》2024年第6期68-89,共22页Human Rights

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“合宪性审查标准的中国化与体系化研究”(项目批准号:19AFX005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：数据权利是个人对自己数据和信息享有的所有权和处分权,其主体是自然人,且为一项宪法基本权利。早在《欧盟通用数据保护条例》颁布之前,一些国家的宪法就规定了个人数据权及同意原则。目前研究将宪法委托和制度保障作为数据权利的宪法规范依据,数据权利仅成为客观规范和国家保护义务。这一认知消解了基本权利抵制公权力侵犯的防御权品质,忽略了数据权利的公法保护,混淆了数据权利和数字权利之差异。数据权利的伦理品质是个人自主决定而非数字权利之网络民主。作为基本权利,数据权利适用法律保留原则,对该权利的限制须受限制,比例原则保护数据权利的实质不受立法机关侵犯,个人尊严是判断数据权利核心是否被侵犯之基准。须消除数据权利仅为私法权利的理论盲区,克服客观规范产生的“市场假象”和“剧场假象”。Data rights refer to the ownership and the right of disposing of individuals over their own data and information.The subject is a natural person,and it is a constitutional fundamental right.Long before the EU General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR)was enacted,the constitutions of some states had stipulated the right to personal data and the principle of consent.Current research takes constitutional delegation and institutional guarantees as the constitutional normative basis for data rights so that data rights are only objective norms and national protection obligations.This view eliminates the defensive nature of a fundamental right against infringement by public power,ignores the public law protection of data rights,and confuses the difference between data rights and digital rights.The ethical nature of data rights is individual self-determination rather than the cyber democracy of digital rights.As a fundamental right,data rights are subject to the principle of legal reservation.Restrictions on data rights shall be limited and the principle of proportionality protects the essence of data rights from infringement by the legislature.Individual dignity is the basis for judging whether the core of data rights is violated.It is necessary to eliminate the theoretical blind spot that data rights are merely private law rights and to overcome the Idols of the Marketplace and Idols of the Theater created by objective norms.

关 键 词：基本权利 防御权 客观规范 数据权利 比例原则 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学] D99