智能船舶背景下的海事立法挑战与回应  

Challenges of and Responses to Maritime Legislation in the Context of Intelligent Ships

作　　者：邢厚群 XING Houqun(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian 116026,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2024年第4期37-48,共12页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2023年度辽宁省社科基金项目“辽宁省港口群高质量发展的法治保障研究”(L23CFX004)。

摘　　要：近年来,智能船舶技术发展正在改变海事立法格局。从外部因素考察,海事立法受到人工智能立法宏观效应影响,亟需确定对重大科技革新的基本立场,化解创新造成的安全悖论。从自身角度观察,面对法律责任重新配置以及船舶测试活动激增带来的立法需求,海事立法还在寻找行之有效的风险治理策略,优化创新立法技术。为此,海事立法应通过调整智能船舶主动融入中国人工智能立法愿景,规制算法维持航运活动的安全与效率,同时合理分配法律与算法任务,减少立法中的技术规范负担。构建安全协同响应机制,实现紧密的航运主体安全协作。当前在海事侵权责任、产品责任的判断中充分运用等效替代原则,后续根据技术发展调整责任判断标准。引入沙盒监管理念改进船舶测试管理,加强公私主体监管配合,在风险隔离基础上营造宽容试错的监管环境。针对前景尚不明朗的智能船舶议题应尽早进行法律讨论凝聚共识,遵循原则框架到具体规定的渐进式调整思路。As a product of the deep fusion of cutting-edge technology and the shipping industry,the development of intelligent ships profoundly affects the logic of human marine activities,which will transform the social relations on which maritime legislation relies and promote the updating and improvement of maritime legislation.Looking back on the interaction between law and technology,it can be found that the advancements in ship design,construction,and navigation technology have always modulated the operation logic of maritime activities,affected social relations and modes of distribution of benefits among ships,cargo,personnel,and the environment,ultimately confirmed by the development and innovation of maritime legislation.Recent developments in intelligent ship technology are re-shaping the landscape of maritime legislation.On the one hand,such technology has changed the external technical environment on which legislation depends,directly affecting the legislators’perception of the external environment and stimulating the enactment of diversified legal norms.The research shows that maritime legislation is significantly affected by the macroscopic effects of artificial intelligence(AI)legislation,indicating an urgent need to establish a fundamental stance toward major technological innovations in order to resolve the safety paradox created by innova-tion.On the other hand,the legal norms are creating their own cycle,implanting more variable elements and flexi-bly responding to environment changes.Facing new legislative demands brought about by the reconfiguration of legal responsibilities and the surge in ship testing activities,maritime legislation is struggling to find effective risk govern-ance strategies and optimized innovative legislative techniques.It is suggested that maritime legislation should proac-tively integrate intelligent ships to align with China’s vision of AI legislation and play a pioneering role in promoting the overall AI rule of law development with local rule of law innovation.Specifically

关 键 词：智能船舶 海事立法 人工智能立法 算法规制 等效替代原则 沙盒监管 

分 类 号：D912.29[政治法律—民商法学]