土壤重金属植物有效性的化学评价法综述  

Chemical evaluation methods for the phytoavailability of heavy metals in soils

作　　者：陈伟 魏志莹[1,2] 杨秀雯 易佳佩 秦超杰 景一鸣 郭军 张家泉 罗泽娇 祁士华 CHEN Wei;WEI Zhiying;YANG Xiuwen;YI Jiapei;QIN Chaojie;JING Yiming;GUO Jun;ZHANG Jiaquan;LUO Zejiao;QI Shihua(School of Environmental Studies,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430078,China;MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430078,China;Institute of Geological Survey,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China;State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430078,China;Changsha Natural Resources Comprehensive Investigation Centre,China Geological Survey,Ningxiang 410600,China;Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation,Hubei Polytechnic University,Huangshi 435003,China)

机构地区：[1]中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院,武汉430078 [2]中国地质大学(武汉)地下水质与健康教育部重点实验室,武汉430078 [3]中国地质大学(武汉)地质调查研究院,武汉430074 [4]中国地质大学(武汉)生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室,武汉430078 [5]中国地质调查局长沙自然资源综合调查中心,湖南宁乡410600 [6]湖北理工学院矿区环境污染控制与修复湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄石435003

出　　处：《农业环境科学学报》2024年第11期2615-2626,共12页Journal of Agro-Environment Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1805502,2018YFC1801701);矿区环境污染控制与修复湖北省重点实验室开放基金(2022XZ103);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(ZD20220213);中国地质大学(武汉)中央高校基本科研业务费特色学科团队专项项目(G1323523063)。

摘　　要：随着城市化、工业化发展的脚步加快,土壤重金属污染成为国内外普遍关注的环境问题。土壤中的重金属可能被植物或者农作物吸收,并经由食物链对人体造成健康风险。目前,土壤中重金属含量的测定及污染程度的评估以土壤重金属总量为主,但土壤重金属总量既无法反映重金属的地球化学过程,也无法准确评估土壤中重金属的污染程度,导致土壤中重金属对生物以及环境造成的危害程度难以被精准地评价。而土壤重金属的植物有效性可表征土壤中重金属的赋存状态以及植物吸收过程,能更精准地评估其对人体及环境造成的危害程度。本文介绍了生物有效性及植物有效性概念的发展历程,系统总结和对比了常用于土壤重金属植物有效性评价的化学方法[包括化学提取法(单独提取法和连续提取法)、自由离子活度法、同位素稀释法和梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)技术]的原理及其在土壤重金属植物有效性的测定工作中的应用,以期进一步推动国内外有关土壤中重金属植物有效性的研究以及土壤中重金属污染防治工作。With the accelerated development of urbanization and industrialization,heavy metal pollution in soils has become an environmental issue of widespread concern,globally.Soil heavy metals could be taken up by plants,posing a serious health risk to humans through food chains.Currently,determining the heavy metal concentrations in soils and assessing the pollution levels are mainly based on the total concentrations of heavy metals in soils. However, the total concentrations can neither reflect the geochemical processes of theheavy metals nor accurately assess the levels of heavy metal pollution in soils, making it difficult to precisely evaluate the threat caused byheavy metals in soils to the biota and environment. By contrast, phytoavailability can be used to characterize the occurrence status andplant absorption process of heavy metals in soils, more accurately evaluating the degree of harm they cause to the biota and environment.Herein, the development process of the concept of bioavailability or phytoavailability was introduced and commonly-used chemicalevaluation methods were systematically summarized, including chemical extraction methods(single and sequential extraction methods),free ion activity method, isotope dilution method, and diffusive gradients in thin-films(DGT)technique. Finally, the differences amongtheir theories and applications in phytoavailability determination were also compared. Therefore, this review provides a basis for furtherresearch on the phytoavailability of heavy metals in soils, as well as on the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in soils.

关 键 词：土壤重金属 植物有效性 化学评价法 化学提取法 自由离子活度法 稳定同位素稀释法 梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)技术 

分 类 号：X53[环境科学与工程—环境工程]