人口老龄化背景下监护人承担侵权责任的体系解释  

System Interpretation of the Tort Liability of Guardians Against the Backdrop of an Aging Population

作　　者：李国强 Li Guoqiang

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第6期67-85,共19页China Legal Science

基　　金：2018年度司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目一般课题“人口老龄化背景下成年监护制度完善研究”(项目批准号:2018SFB2042)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在人口老龄化背景下,监护制度的创新性变革具有体系效应,虽然《民法典》中关于监护人承担侵权责任的规范未作实质性改进,但其体系解释逻辑必须重新梳理。在《民法典》总则编放弃广义民事行为能力的表述后,解释论需要通过民事行为能力的条件关联到民事责任能力来解决责任主体问题,进而确定监护人履行监护职责过程中承担法定监督义务的情形,明确监护人承担侵权责任应统一适用过错责任归责原则。在教唆、帮助侵权的场合,监护人依过错承担相应责任,并与教唆人、帮助人承担部分连带责任。在委托监护的场合,受托人未履行监护职责仅对委托人(监护人)承担违约责任,只有存在履行约定义务之外的过错行为导致被监护人的损害时,才与监护人依据各自过错承担按份责任。基于体系的动态性考量,被监护人“有财产”作为规范要素是对监护人承担侵权责任构成要件简单类型化缺陷的补正,在救济被侵权人和保护监护关系之间进行平衡。Innovative reform of the guardianship system against the backdrop of an aging population has systemic effects.Although articles 1169(2),1188,and 1189 of the Civil Code,which regulate the tort liability of guardians,have not been substantially improved,the logic of their systematic interpretation must be re-examined.After the General Provisions of the Civil Code abandoned the broad concept of civil capacity,interpretative theory needs to address the issue of liability subjects by linking the conditions of civil capacity to civil liability capacity.This,in turn,determines the conditions under which guardians fulfill their statutory supervisory obligations in the course of performing their guardianship duties.It clarifies that the fault-based liability principle should be uniformly applied when guardians assume tort liability.In cases of instigating or aiding a tort,guardians shall bear corresponding liability due to their fault and shall be jointly and severally liable in part with the instigator or aider.In cases of entrusted guardianship,the trustee shall only be liable for breach of contract to the principal(guardian)for failure to perform guardianship duties.Only when the trustee's fault,beyond the failure to perform agreed obligations,results in harm to the ward,shall both the trustee and the guardian bear several liability according to their respective faults.Based on dynamic considerations of the legal system,the normative element of the ward‘having property'serves as a correction to the simplistic typification defect in the constitutive requirements for guardians'tort liability.This strikes a balance between remedying the injured party and protecting the guardianship relationship.

关 键 词：成年监护 民事行为能力 民事责任能力 法定监督义务 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]