基于领域性支配的保证人义务:反思与重塑  

The Reflection and Reshaping of the Obligations of Guarantor Based on Domain Domination

作　　者：张梓弦 Zhang Zixian

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第6期226-244,共19页China Legal Science

摘　　要：我国司法实务往往倾向于无条件认为,当行为人对特定空间领域有着实质性的支配权限时,其应对发生于该领域内的所有法益侵害事态担负保证人义务。但一方面,基于空间领域的权利属性而直接推导出国家给付职能的让渡并不可取;另一方面,空间领域封闭且排他的物理属性不能使之一概被视为在犯罪的具体因果流程中发挥了决定性作用。从消极义务的三重维度内涵出发,行为人因领域性支配而可能担负保证人义务的情形有二:其一,被支配的空间领域本为危险源或内含危险源的场合,行为人应确保自身管辖领域不外溢风险;其二,若被保护者所处空间不存在任意的脱离机制,进而导致其必须将自己的部分权利领域让渡至行为人处,并由此放弃自行保护措施以致防御能力大幅减退时,行为人应基于此让渡而履行尊重他人权利领域之不可侵性的义务。在此,“支配”仅为用以推断被害人之于行为人的权利让渡的下位素材,而非保证人义务的普适性法理基础。In China's judicial practice,it is often unconditionally considered that when the perpetrator has substantial domination over a specific spatial domain,he should assume the obligation of a guarantor for all incidents of legal interest infringement occurring in that domain.On the one hand,it is not desirable to directly deduce the transfer of the state's payment function on the basis of the right attributes of the spatial domain;on the other hand,the closed and exclusive physical attributes of the spatial domain do not allow it to be seen as playing a decisive role in the specific causal process of the crime.Starting from the three-dimensional connotation of negative obligations,there are two situations in which the perpetrator may be subject to the obligation of a guarantor due to domination of the domain.Firstly,where the dominated spatial domain is a source of danger,the perpetrator should ensure that there is no risk of spillover in the domain of his own jurisdiction.Secondly,if the protected person is in a space where there is no mechanism for arbitrary detachment,which makes it necessary for him to cede part of his rights to the perpetrator,thereby abandoning his own measures of protection to the extent that his ability to defend himself is substantially diminished,the perpetrator should fulfill the obligation to respect the inviolability of the others' rights.In this context,‘domination' is only a substratum from which to infer an assignment of the victim's rights to the perpetrator,rather than a universal juridical basis for the guarantor's obligations.

关 键 词：领域性支配 保证人义务 危险源 权利让渡 不作为犯 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]