红壤旱地油菜―芝麻轮作下油菜控释氮肥施用效果及其后效  

The Effect and the Residual Effect of Special Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)under Rapeseed-Sesame Rotation System in Red-Soil Dryland

作　　者：吕伟生 王馨悦 陈明 邓雪云[1,2] 张晨 李子婧 罗军元 刘小三 肖国滨 LüWeisheng;Wang Xinyue;Chen Ming;Deng Xueyun;Zhang Chen;Li Zijing;Luo Junyuan;Liu Xiaosan;Xiao Guobin(Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resource/Key Laboratory of Red Soil Arable Land Conservation and Green Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Arable Land Improvement and Quality Enhancement,Nanchang 330046,Jiangxi,China;School of Agricultural Sciences,Jiangxi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Genetic Breeding,Ministry of Education,Nanchang 330045,Jiangxi,China)

机构地区：[1]江西省红壤及种质资源研究所/农业农村部红壤耕地保育与绿色利用重点实验室/耕地改良与质量提升江西省重点实验室,江西南昌330046 [2]江西农业大学农学院/作物生理生态与遗传育种教育部重点实验室,江西南昌330045

出　　处：《作物杂志》2024年第6期113-119,共7页Crops

基　　金：国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);江西省重点研发计划项目(20203BBF63034);江西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(JXARS-08,JXARS-18)。

摘　　要：油菜―芝麻轮作是南方红壤旱地主要的轮作模式,但其氮肥利用率较低。2019-2020年在典型的红壤旱地(江西进贤)开展田间试验,探究油菜―芝麻轮作模式下油菜专用控释氮肥施用效果及后效。结果表明,油菜专用控释氮肥一次性基施能够保证全生育期氮素供应,促进油菜的生长发育,可以达到甚至优于普通氮肥分次施用的效果。相比普通氮肥分次施用处理,油菜专用控释氮肥一次性基施处理的油菜成熟期生物量、各部位氮素吸收量和氮肥利用率均有增加趋势,且显著提高了油菜收获后土壤耕层硝态氮、总无机氮含量及残留氮和累积氮利用率,对后茬芝麻的增产效果更为显著;能够在降低施肥人工成本的同时提高作物产量,增加周年经济效益。在油菜季一次性基施专用控释氮肥和分次施普通氮肥处理下,芝麻季的氮肥用量可在现有的基础上分别减少22.4和10.2 N kg/hm^(2)。因此,建议在红壤旱地油菜-芝麻轮作模式下,一次性施用油菜专用控释氮肥,芝麻季则应在兼顾前茬油菜氮肥后效的基础上减施氮肥。Rapeseed-sesame rotation is the main crop rotation system in red-soil dryland of southern China,but its N use efficiency is low.A field experiment was conducted in the red-soil dryland(Jinxian,Jiangxi)from 2019 to 2020 to explicit effect and the residual effect of special controlled-release nitrogen for rapeseed.The results showed that,one-off basal application of special controlled-release nitrogen for rapeseed(CRN)could enhance the nitrogen supply in the whole growth period and promote the growth of rapeseed,thus ensured stable or even outperformed the effects of conventional nitrogen fertilizer by split application(CN).Compared with CN,CRN increased the biomass,N accumulation and N use efficiency of rapeseed,especially improved the NO3--N concentration,total inorganic N,and use efficiency of residual N and accumulative N in tillage layer soils at rapeseed mature period,and eventually improved the next season sesame yield significantly.In the rapeseed-sesame rotation system,CRN reduced the labor cost of fertilization and improved the crop yield,therefore increased annual economic benefits.Under the treatments of CRN and CN,N rates of sesame season could be reduced by 22.4 and 10.2 kg/ha,respectively.In summary,it was suggested that the special controlled-release nitrogen for rapeseed should be applied to the rapeseed-sesame rotation system in red-soil dryland.Moreover,optimum N fertilization management in sesame season should be optimized with considering the residual effect of N application in rapeseed season.

关 键 词：红壤旱地 油菜―芝麻轮作 控释氮肥 氮肥利用率 氮肥后效 经济效益 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学] S565.3