藏语的存在动词与示证范畴  

Interrelationship of Existential Verbs and Evidentiality in Modern Tibetan

作　　者：邵明园[1] SHAO Mingyuan(the Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Sun Yat-sen University.)

机构地区：[1]中山大学中文系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第6期927-945,共19页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学专项“敦煌古藏文语法研究”(22VJXG042)资助。

摘　　要：藏语及受藏语影响较深的一些语言,其存在动词具有表达示证范畴的功能,而绝大多数其他藏缅语都无此现象,这是藏语区别于其他藏缅语非常显赫的语法特征之一。但存在动词表达示证范畴的形态句法操作在藏语内部差异甚大,此种情形尚未引起学界足够重视。以存在动词词干多少来论,藏语方言常见有单词干、双词干和三词干等形式,绝少见到四个词干的用例。句法上,存在动词不仅充当词汇动词,还进一步语法化为助动词。句子的肯定、否定和疑问语气,以及语言接触,对存在动词充当词汇动词还是助动词,以及是否表达示证意义都会产生重要影响。这也是不同藏语方言存在动词句法语义的主要差异所在。鉴于此,对藏语存在动词表达示证范畴的考察,必须兼顾语气、否定、句法功能和语言接触等因素,否则难以全面认识它的特点。In Tibetan and some languages deeply influenced by Tibetan,existential verbs have the function of expressing evidentiality,which is one of the prominent characteristics that distinguish Tibetan language from other Tibeto-Burman languages.However,the significant differences of its morphological and syntactic operations among Tibetan dialects have not attracted enough attention in previous studies.In terms of the number of verb stems,Tibetan varieties often contain one stem,double stems and three stems of existential verbs,and the cases of four stems are rare.Syntactically,existential verbs not only act as lexical verbs,but also further grammaticalize into auxiliary verbs.The affirmative,negative and interrogative mood of sentences,as well as language contact,all have an important impact on whether existential verbs act as lexical verbs or auxiliary verbs expressing evidentiality.Such semantic and syntactic differences are also the main difference of existential verbs in different Tibetan dialects.In view of this,the investigation of evidentiality category conveyed by existential verbs in Tibetan must take into account the factors such as mood,negation,syntactic functions,and languagee contact,otherwise it is difficult to comprehensively investigate its characteristics.

关 键 词：藏语 存在动词 示证范畴 自知示证 感知示证 

分 类 号：H214[语言文字—少数民族语言]