优化施肥和有机替代技术对菜心生长与土壤肥力的影响  

Effects of Optimized Fertilization and Organic Fertilizer Subsitution Technology on the Growth and Soil Fertility of Chinese Flowering Cabbage

作　　者：魏岚 王泽煌 陈伟盛 黄连喜 田利华 刘忠珍 劳栋添 黄庆 WEI Lan;WANG Zehuang;CHEN Weisheng;HUANG Lianxi;TIAN Lihua;LIU Zhongzhen;LAO Dongtian;HUANG Qing(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation,Guangzhou 510640,China;Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jiangmen City,Jiangmen 529000,China)

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室/广东省农业资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室,广东广州510640 [2]江门市农业科技创新中心,广东江门529000

出　　处：《广东农业科学》2024年第10期31-41,共11页Guangdong Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：广西自然科学基金(粤桂联合基金项目,2022GXNSFDA080008);2022年广东省涉农项目(107000068-2022-0000176609);广东省农业科学院低碳农业与碳中和研究中心项目(XTXM202204)。

摘　　要：【目的】优化施肥和有机替代化肥技术是实现环境友好、保持耕地质量的国家战略,对实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。探讨优化施肥和化肥减量措施对广东江门蔬菜地土壤理化性质及菜心产量、品质的影响,为蔬菜地平衡有效施肥提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】以供港和珠三角蔬菜基地——广东江门市为研究基地,采用大田小区试验,设置空白对照(CK)、习惯施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、优化施肥+有机肥替代N肥15%(T3)、优化施肥+有机肥替代N肥30%(T4)、优化施肥+炭基有机肥替代N肥15%(T5)、优化施肥+炭基有机肥替代N肥30%(T6)7个处理,测定各处理对菜心产量、叶片营养元素累积、菜心品质及土壤养分和理化性状等的影响。【结果】除CK外,与T1相比,优化施肥和有机替代处理(T2~T6)对菜心产量无显著影响,其中T2处理产量最高(28.15 t/hm^(2)),其次为T3处理(26.35 t/hm^(2));菜心营养元素含量并未受到有机替代的影响;干物质和营养元素累积量相比T1均有增加,其中T2处理菜心的干物质积累量最高(提高12.58%),氮、磷、钾元素累积量以T6最高,分别是T1的1.19、1.18和1.18倍;但所有处理均提高了菜心的Vc含量和可溶糖含量(9.49%~22.63%和18.96%~126.37%);所有处理的肥料农学利用效率也均高于T1,而T2处理的肥料农学利用效率最高(N为2.77、P为7.38、K为3.69),其次是T6处理(N为2.17、P为5.78、K为2.89);采用有机替代处理(T3~T6)的pH值均高于单施化肥,其中T6处理与T1差异最大(0.62个单位),T2~T6处理土壤有机质含量均高于T1(9.75%~34.31%)。【结论】与T1相比,所有处理均不会使蔬菜减产,其中T2的肥料农学利用效率最高。综合考虑产量增加、菜心品质提高、效益增加和土壤性质改良的基础上,T3处理效果最佳,因此15%的有机肥替代N肥可能是最适宜江门蔬菜基地菜心成本的化肥减量增效模式。【Objective】The optimized fertilization and organic fertilizer substitution technology is a national strategy to achieve environmental friendliness and maintain the quality of cultivated land,which is of great significance to achieving sustainable agricultural development.The study explores the effects of optimized fertilization and fertilizer reduction measures on the physical and chemical properties of vegetable soil,as well as the yield and quality of Chinese flowering cabbage in Jiangmen of Guangdong Province,with a view to providing theoretical basis and technical support for balanced and effective fertilization in vegetable fields.【Method】Jiangmen City of Guangdong Province,one of the vegetable supply bases for Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta,was used as the research base.Field plot tests were conducted and seven treatments were set:the control(CK),customary fertilization(T1),optimized fertilization(T2),optimized fertilization+15%organic fertilizer replacing N(T3),optimized fertilization+30%organic fertilizer replacing N(T4),optimized fertilization+15%biochar-based organic fertilizer replacing N(T5),and optimized fertilization+30%biochar-based organic fertilizer replacing N(T6).The effects of seven treatments on the yield,leaf nutrient accumulation,and quality of Chinese flowering cabbage,as well as nutrients and physicochemical properties of soil were measured.【Result】Compared with conventional fertilization(except for the control),optimized fertilization and organic substitution treatments(T2-T6)had no significant effect on the yield of Chinese flowering cabbage.T2 had the highest yield(28.15 t/hm^(2)),followed by T3(26.35 t/hm^(2)).The nutrient content was not affected by organic substitution.The accumulation of dry matter and nutrient elements had increased compared with T1,with T2 having the highest accumulation of dry matter(by an increase of 12.58%)and T6 having the highest accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium elements,which were 1.19,1.18,and 1.18 times that of T1,respect

关 键 词：有机肥/炭基有机肥 优化施肥 有机替代 菜心 土壤性质 

分 类 号：S531[农业科学—作物学]