火焰山下的毗婆沙师:吐鲁番出土《顺正理论》梵文残叶的初步研究  

Vaibhasika under the Flaming Mountains:A Preliminary Study of the Sanskrit Fragments of the Nyayanusara Unearthed in Turpan

作　　者：魏兆源 WEI Zhaoyuan

机构地区：[1]北京大学南亚学系

出　　处：《吐鲁番学研究》2024年第3期77-87,154,共12页Turfanological Research

摘　　要：毗婆沙师众贤所造《顺正理论》成书于公元4世纪末或5世纪初,基于说一切有部的正统立场驳斥世亲《俱舍论》,现存7世纪中叶的玄奘汉译本,无完整梵本存世。20世纪初,德国吐鲁番探险队在吐鲁番火焰山下的胜金口寺院遗址发掘出大量胡语写本,其中便有《顺正理论》梵本残叶。这批写本大体上归属于《顺正理论|辩业品》,涉及众贤对有部业论学说中“无表”的讨论。借助《顺正理论》的原典片段,对比《俱舍论》梵汉文本,亦能窥见玄奘有时会刻意保持《俱舍论》与《顺正理论》的译文一致,还存在《顺正理论》中应用的译语渗入进一起翻译的《俱舍论》的情况。出土这些梵文残叶的胜金口寺院兴盛于西州回鹘时期,该寺的建筑壁画受龟兹石窟的影响,其藏书室一度收藏了大量说一切有部的梵文三藏,表明当时的高昌回鹘佛教不仅积极汲取汉译的阿毗达磨论书,还继承了出自迦湿弥罗与龟兹地区的有部正统论典。Sanghabhadra'sNyayanusara was completed in the late 4th or early 5th century CE.It refutes the Abhidharmakosa by Vasubandhu from the orthodox standpoint of the Sarvastivada school.The extant version is Xuanzang's Chinese translation from mid-7th century,as no complete Sanskrit manuscript has survived.In early 2Oth century,German expedition unearthed numerous manuscripts at Shengjinkou under the Flaming Mountains in Turpan,among which were Sanskrit fragments of the Nyayanusara.These fragments generally belong to the Chapter of Karmanirdesa,discussing the theory of avijnapti(invisible karma).By comparing the Sanskrit fragments of the Nyayanusara with the Sanskrit and Chinese versions of Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakosa,it is evident that Xuanzang deliberately maintained consistency between the translations of the two texts.Some translation terms used in the Nyayanusara found their way into Xuanzang's translation of the Abhidharmakosa.The Shengjinkou Monastery,which flourished during theQocoperiod,had murals influenced by Kucha and housed a significant collection of Sarvastivada Sanskrit Tripitaka,indicating that Uyghur Buddhists not only actively absorbed Chinese translations of Abhidharma treatises but also inherited orthodox Sarvastivada texts from Kashmir and Kucha.

关 键 词：《顺正理论》 毗婆沙师 众贤 梵文残叶 无表 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学] H711[语言文字]