未成年人弹性刑事责任年龄制度之提倡  

Advocacy for a Flexible Age of Criminal Responsibility System for Minors

作　　者：励蒂 Li Di

机构地区：[1]招商银行上海分行

出　　处：《青少年犯罪问题》2024年第6期123-133,共11页Issues on Juvenile Crimes and Delinquency

摘　　要：行为人是否具备辨认与控制自己行为的能力,是刑事责任能力的本质。刑法通过消极规定哪些情况下行为人不具备或限制责任能力,定义了刑事责任能力的适用范围。未成年人的辨认与控制能力受年龄、外部环境以及内在基因等多重因素影响。目前,未成年人刑事责任年龄制度仍面临诸多学说争议,其中,降低说与维持说都属于刚性年龄制度,不符合刑事责任能力的本质特性、不利于刑法的威慑作用及预防犯罪之机能的实现、不利于实现个案正义。弹性刑事责任年龄制度有利于贯彻针对未成年人“教育为主”的刑事政策、实现司法公正、体现法律的科学性、符合历史与国际趋势,应当予以支持。通过引入“恶意补足年龄”规则是我国进一步实施弹性刑事责任年龄制度的重要手段,能够在保护未成年人的同时,对那些具有严重恶意的未成年人进行刑事责任追究。这一制度的引入需要综合考虑未成年人的适用年龄段、罪行的限制以及行为人的主观恶意等诸多因素。并且,应当注重完善预防未成年人犯罪的立法体系与少年司法制度、完善未成年人前科消灭制度以及修订前置法等方式,推动未成年人年龄制度配套措施的完善。The essence of criminal responsibility capacity lies in whether an individual has the ability to recognize and control their own behavior.Penal law defines the scope of criminal responsibility by setting out,in a negative manner,the circumstances in which an individual lacks or has restricted criminal responsibility.A minor′s capacity for recognition and control is influenced by multiple factors,including age,external environment,and genetic predispositions.Currently,the system of criminal responsibility for minors still faces significant doctrinal debates.Among them,both the theories advocating for a lowered age limit and those supporting the maintenance of the current age limit are based on rigid age systems,which are inconsistent with the essential characteristics of criminal responsibility capacity.Such systems are not conducive to the deterrent effect of Penal Code hinder the function of crime prevention and fail to achieve justice in individual cases.A flexible criminal responsibility age system is beneficial for implementing a criminal policy for minors that prioritizes education,ensuring judicial fairness,reflecting the scientific nature of the law,and aligning with historical and international trends,thus warranting support.The introduction of the"Malice Supplies the Age"rule is an important measure for China to further implement the flexible criminal responsibility age system.It allows for the protection of minors while holding those with severe malice accountable for criminal responsibility.The introduction of this system requires a comprehensive consideration of factors such as the applicable age range for minors,the limits of criminal offenses,and the subjective malice of the perpetrator.Additionally,it is essential to improve the legislative framework for juvenile crime prevention,the juvenile justice system,the criminal record elimination system,and the revision of relevant preconditions to enhance the supporting measures for the age system for minors.

关 键 词：刑事责任年龄制度 弹性刑事责任年龄 刑事责任能力 恶意年龄补足 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学] D669.5[政治法律—法学]