碳排放权的法律属性  

The Legal Nature of Carbon Emission Rights

作　　者：李艳芳[1] 张舒 Li Yanfang;Zhang Shu

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872 [2]中国人民公安大学犯罪学学院,北京100091

出　　处：《新文科教育研究》2024年第4期21-35,141,共16页NEW LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION RESEARCH

摘　　要：碳排放权的法律属性认定是当前气候政策与环境治理的关键问题之一。我国中央与地方立法中对碳排放权的界定尚未达成共识,其表述经历了从明确的权利概念到模糊处理的转变。综观域外立法,多数国家和地区更倾向于将碳排放权界定为一种有限的、受到政府管控的权利,从而保障政府在碳市场中的调控能力。作为气候变化背景下新出现的法律现象,碳排放权的性质界定不仅需要关注其自身构造,更需要考虑其设立目的及实质功能。碳排放权是碳排放交易制度的核心要素,主要功能在于明确对排放单位的减排要求,实现碳减排的公益目标,而非保障排放自由;在碳排放交易市场中,碳排放权需要在特定的规则框架下进行交易,表现出鲜明的受管控性。因此,碳排放权不仅仅是排放单位的“财产”,更是国家为实现整体社会利益而设立的环境治理手段,其承载的公益目标应当优先于其财产属性。在实现“双碳”目标和推进碳市场建设的大背景下,碳排放权更适宜被认定为由政府基于减排目标而发放的排放许可,可以通过市场机制进行交易,但并不构成独立的财产权。The legal nature of carbon emission rights is one of the key issues in current climate policy and environmental governance.In China,there has not yet been a consensus on the definition of carbon emission rights in national and local legislation,with the description evolving from a clear right-based concept to a more ambiguous approach.An overview of foreign legislation reveals that most countries and regions tend to define carbon emission rights as limited,government-controlled rights,thereby ensuring governmental control within carbon markets.As a newly emerging legal phenomenon in the context of climate change,the definition of the nature of carbon emission rights requires attention not only to their structural composition but also to their purpose and substantive functions.The primary function of carbon emission rights is to clarify the emission reduction requirements for emitters,rather than guaranteeing the freedom to emit.In the carbon emission trading market,carbon emission rights must be traded within a specific regulatory framework,demonstrating a distinct characteristic of being regulated.Therefore,carbon emission rights are not merely the"property"of emitters but rather an environmental governance tool established by the state to serve the common good.In the context of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals,carbon emission rights are more appropriately recognized as emission permits issued by the government based on emission reduction targets,which can be traded through market mechanisms,but do not constitute independent property rights.

关 键 词：碳排放权 碳排放配额 碳排放交易 排放许可 

分 类 号：D922.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]