中华民族从“鬼神文化”伸至“人的文化”之道德开拓与血统传承  

Chinese Nation's Moral Development and Blood Inheritance from Ghost and God Culture to Human Culture

作　　者：劳承万 LAO Chengwan(Institute of Kant Mou Zongsan,Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang 524048,Guangdong,China)

机构地区：[1]岭南师范学院“康德—牟宗三”研究所,广东湛江524048

出　　处：《岭南师范学院学报》2024年第5期1-23,共23页Journal of Lingnan Normal University

摘　　要：中国文化是血缘之心性文化。此可二分为:日常求生的“人的文化”与精神寄托及信仰的“鬼神文化”(仁义道德与血统之传承)。两类文化均通过“天—地/阴—阳”构成一个以“人”为核心的“天地—人—鬼神”的大圆环,此曰“义理系统”。“鬼神文化”在先,是源头,具有“德”性;“人的文化”在后,融合了“鬼神文化”的神圣信仰与精神力量,具有“仁义”精神。中间的过渡、转换环节是“礼—乐”文化中的“礼”与周易古经的“阴—阳”观念。“鬼神文化”的原生态源头是墓葬的玉琮,后是从甲骨文的“贞人”说辞:从“求吉赐福”开始,中经“巫师文化”,进向“礼—乐”文化,与周易古经的“占卜”世界而终结;“人的文化”之行程,始于“礼—乐”文化中“礼”的祭礼观念转向人际行为规范,直至周易古经的“系辞传”,而终于孔子的“慎始追远,民德归厚矣”、孟子的“养生丧死无憾,王道之始也”、《中庸》“鬼神之为德,盛矣乎”等,此是“人的文化”的张扬与光大。从墓葬的玉琮、“贞人”说辞的“求吉赐福”延至《中庸》的“鬼神之为德”,是两类文化转换、汇聚的巨流。此等奇特的二型贯通汇聚的文化,唯中土所有。它没有“上帝”创造和信仰。只有列祖列宗情怀与圣人传说贯通历史。这种文化的最灿烂光辉之处,是“道德”精神统辖、贯通“天地”,与血统力量的上下奔流,万代不绝。这种文化的二重性,体现在一般士人身上,便是“人格—学术”融会贯通的一体性;体现在劣等学人身上,即是可怕的人生悖论。Chinese culture encompasses consanguinity,mentality,and temperament.At the level of daily life,it represents human culture,while at the level of soul and faith,it embodies the culture of ghosts and gods,or the inheritance of benevolence,righteousness,morality,and blood ties.Together,these elements form a grand circle of"heaven and earth—man—ghosts and gods"with humanity at its core,functioning through the mechanism of"heaven—earth/yin—yang."The circle is termed the“moral principles system.”The culture of ghosts and gods predates human culture,serving as its source and being inherently moral.Human culture,in turn,inherits the sacred faith and spiritual power of the former,embodying the spirit of benevolence and justice.The intermediate transition and conversion are the"rites"in the culture of"rites and music,"as well as the concept of"yin and yang"in Book of Changes.The culture of ghosts and gods,in terms of its original ecological source,traces back to jade artifacts in tombs,which are linked to the notion of the"virtuous person"as depicted in oracle bone inscriptions.In essence,this culture begins with prayers for good fortune,progresses through wizard culture and rites,and music culture,culminating in the world of"divination"depicted in the Book of Changes.Conversely,human culture begins with rites,especially sacrificial rites,as described in the culture of rites and music,evolving into norms of interpersonal behavior detailed in the"notes and explanations"of the Book of Changes.It reaches its peak in figures like Confucius,who advocated for enhancing social morality through funeral rites,and Mencius,who argued that benevolent government was only achievable when people had no worries about supporting their young and old.It also reaches its peak in books like Doctrine of the Mean,which highlights the widespread impact of ghosts and gods.This progression demonstrates the development of human culture,transitioning from jade artifacts in tombs and prayers for good fortune in notes to virtuous people to

关 键 词：心性血缘 鬼神文化 人的文化 圣人传说 

分 类 号：G0[文化科学]