官话、晋语中表“馊臭”义“斯”类词的本字考证  

Research on the Original Character of Words“Si(斯)”with the Meaning of“Souchou(馊臭)”in Mandarin Dialects and Jin Dialect

作　　者：施伟宝 Shi Weibao(School of Literature,Journalism&Communication,South-Central Minzu University,Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]中南民族大学文学与新闻传播学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《现代语文》2024年第9期22-32,共11页Modern Chinese

摘　　要：在官话、晋语中,表示食物变质、馊臭的“斯”类词十分常见。它在各类方言词典中亦有收录,往往以“斯”“燍”“澌”“尸”“丝”“私”“司”“死”“饲”等方言同音字记录。在官话、晋语中,流摄开口三等基本不混入止摄开口三等,“馊”应为“斯”类词的训读字,而不是本字。晋语中,文水、祁县两地的庚韵、静韵、清韵、青韵今白读[ɿ]韵母,则以同音形式“腥”记之。从读音上看,官话、晋语的[i]>[ɿ]的音变,不仅见于与止摄开口三等和蟹摄开口三四等相拼的精组声母,亦见于见晓组声母。从词义上看,“馊臭”的嗅觉表现往往是食物腐败变质产生的酸臭味。因此,“醯”作为晓母蟹摄开口四等齐韵平声字,最早表示“发酵产生的酸味”,当为“斯”类词的本字。“斯”类词空间分布格局的形成,并非全然是由方言内部自身的音变所致,历史移民造成的方言词汇接触、渗透等,也是影响其地理分布的重要因素。In Mandarin dialects and Jin dialect,the“si(斯)”type words that indicate food with spoilage and bad smell are very common.It is also included in various dialect dictionaries,often recorded as homophones such as“si(斯)”“si(燍)”“si(澌)”“shi(尸)”“si(丝)”“si(私)”“si(司)”“si(死)”,and“si(饲)”.In Mandarin dialects and Jin dialect,the LiuShe-Kaikou-Threedeng(流摄开口三等)is basically not mixed with the ZhiShe-Kaikou-Threedeng(止摄开口三等),and“sou(馊)”should be a meaning-related word for“si(斯)”type words,rather than the original character.In Jin dialect,the GengShe(庚摄),JingShe(静摄),QingShe(清摄),and QingShe(青摄)of Wenshui and Qixian are now pronounced with the same as the colloquial pronunciation of“ɿ”.From the perspective of pronunciation,the sound changes of[i]>[ɿ]in Mandarin dialects and Jin dialect are not only seen in the Jing group initials that are combined with the ZhiShe-Kaikou-Threedeng(止摄开口三等)and the XieShe-Kaikou-Threedeng and Fourdeng(蟹摄开口三四等),but also in the Jian&Xiao(见晓)group initials.From a semantic perspective,the olfactory expression of“souchou(馊臭)”often refers to the sour and odorous taste produced by food spoilage.Therefore,“Xi(醯)”,a word with the middle ancient pronunciation of“XiaoMu-XieShe-Kaikou-Fourdeng-Qiyun-Pingsheng(晓母蟹摄开口四等齐韵平声)”,is originally represented the“sour taste produced by fermentation”and should be the original character of“si(斯)”type words.The formation of the spatial distribution pattern of“si(斯)”words is not entirely caused by the internal sound changes of the dialect itself.The contact and infiltration of dialect vocabulary caused by historical immigration are also important factors affecting their geographical distribution.

关 键 词：官话 晋语 “斯”类词 馊臭 “醯” 本字 考证 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]