生草栽培对火龙果园土壤生境和枝条病害的影响  

Effects of grass culture on soil habitat and shoot diseases of pitaya orchard

作　　者：张绿萍[1] 金吉林[1] 方晓彤 王宇 ZHANG Lvping;JIN Jilin;FANG Xiaotong;WANG Yu(Guizhou Institute of Fruit Science,Guiyang,Guizhou,550006,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州省果树科学研究所,贵阳550006

出　　处：《中国南方果树》2024年第6期100-107,113,共9页South China Fruits

基　　金：贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2020]1Y019号)资助。

摘　　要：为探讨生草栽培对火龙果园土壤环境及枝条病害的影响,设置“京都1号”火龙果园土壤黑色防草布覆盖、生草和生草刈割覆草,以清耕做为对照等4个处理,采集并分析不同覆盖方式的火龙果园表层土壤温度、含水量以及氮、磷、钾含量变化,同时调查火龙果枝条冷害与病害发生情况。结果表明,生草,尤其是生草刈割覆草能够有效降低夏季高温时的表层土温,并提升冬季低温时的土温,从而调节夏冬季间土温变化,但对土温的影响随着土层深度增加而减弱。防草布则显著提高表层土壤含水量,明显延长夏季超过38℃不利于火龙果生长的时间段;生草刈割覆草和防草布均能提升表层土壤含水量,而在冬季生草栽培表现良好,但在夏季效果欠佳;相较于防草布覆盖,生草和对照(清耕)对土壤肥力有一定消耗,但生草刈割覆草却能提高土壤氮磷钾含量。因此,在喀斯特山地区火龙果园开展生草栽培,并将刈割植物残体覆盖于植株树盘上,可有效调节表层土壤小气候环境,改善火龙果生态条件,并减少枝条冷害与病害发生。In order to investigate the effects of grass cultivation on the soil environment and shoot disease in pitaya orchard,four treatments for Jingdu No.1 pitaya orchard soil were set up:black anti-weed cloth mulch,grass cultivation,and mulching with clipping cultured grass,with clean tillage as control.The annual changes of surface soil temperature,water content,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)contents in soil of pitaya orchard under these four treatments were collected and analyzed,and the occurrence of chilling damage and disease in branches of dragon fruit were evaluated.The results showed that grass culture,especially mulching with clipping cultured grass,could effectively reduce the soil surface temperature under high summer temperature and increase the soil temperature under low winter temperature,so as to stabilize the changes of soil temperature during the summer and winter,but its influence on soil temperature decreased with the increase of soil depth.On the other hand,the surface soil temperature was significantly increased,and the period of time with temperature over 38℃in summer,which was not conducive to the growth of pitaya fruit,was significantly extended under the black anti-weed cloth cover.The content of water in surface soil could be increased by grass clipping mulching and black anti-grass cloth cover,and the effect of grass cultivation was good in winter,but not good in summer.Compared with black anti-grass cover,grass culture and clear tillage had a certain consumption of soil fertility,but the contents of N,P and K in soil were increased by grass cutting and covering treatment.Therefore,planting grass in karst mountain area and mulching with clipped grass on the pan of dragon fruit tree can effectively regulate the microclimate environment of the surface soil,improve the ecological conditions of dragon fruit orchard,and reduce the cold damage and branch disease.

关 键 词：生草栽培 火龙果 土温 土壤含水量 氮磷钾 枝条病害 

分 类 号：S436.67[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]