为国养马的“弼马温”:明代民间差役中的孳牧马头  

The Horse-Keeper for the Country:ZiMu-MaTou of Corvee Lobor in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：蒋玉晨 Jiang Yuchen

机构地区：[1]河南工程学院马克思主义学院,河南郑州450000

出　　处：《史志学刊》2024年第6期4-19,共16页Journal of History and Chorography

摘　　要：孳牧马头是马政在基层社会实际运作时的主要执行者和负责人,为明代维护国家安全和增强军事实力做出了重要贡献。从“种马课驹”到“征银买俵”,民间养马之役经历了由实物徭役到征银代役的变化过程。无论征课形式如何变化,孳牧马头始终是该项差役的主要佥派对象。马头的佥派标准由“按丁”“按地”到“丁粮兼论”的变化过程,反映了明代赋役制度在“祖宗成法”之下根据社会发展的实际情况进行的自我调适。孳牧马头在牧养马匹、孳生马驹的基本职能之中衍生出收掌价银、供应公费等附加职能,亦说明当时徭役佥派的制度性调整和实际运行中的奸弊丛生。应当此役者不但身膺沉重的正项差役负担,还要不时面临各方势力的欺侵与勒索,他们低下的社会地位与其群体对民间养马之政所做出的贡献极不相称。ZiMu-MaTou was the main executor and person in charge of horse administration in grassroots society,making important contributions to the national security and military strength of the Ming Dynasty.The folk horse raising labor has undergone a process of change from physical corvee labor to collecting silver for proxy labor.No matter how the form of collection changes,ZiMu-MaTou has always been the main target of this labor.The change process of the taxation standards for horse heads from"by land"to"by land and grain"reflects the self-adjustment of the taxation system in the Ming Dynasty under the"ancestral law"based on the actual situation of social development.The basic functions of breeding and herding horses and foals have evolved into additional functions such as collecting fees and supplying public funds,which also illustrates the institutional adjustments and the numerous abuses in the actual operation of the corveesystem at that time.Those who engage in this activity not only bear a heavy burden of official duties,but also face occasional bullying and extortion from various forces.Their low social status is not commensurate with their contributions to the civilian horse breeding policy.

关 键 词：明代 孳牧马头 马政 徭役折银 民间差役 

分 类 号：F329[经济管理—产业经济] K248[历史地理—历史学]