失效三元催化剂回收铂族金属研究进展  

Research Progress on the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-way Catalysts

作　　者：闫舜龙 龚鹏鹏 周珂 蔡晓畅 李春全[1] 袁方 孙志明[1] YAN Shunlong;GONG Pengpeng;ZHOU Ke;CAI Xiaochang;LI Chunquan;YUAN Fang;SUN Zhiming(School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学(北京)化学与环境工程学院,北京100083

出　　处：《有色金属（选矿部分）》2024年第12期19-33,共15页Nonferrous Metals（Mineral Processing Section）

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52304310);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024JCCXHH02)。

摘　　要：我国铂族金属(Platinum Group Metals,PGMs)储量少,消费量大,其安全供应是我国战略性新兴产业可持续发展的关键环节。失效汽车三元催化剂作为回收PGMs(铂、钯、铑)的重要来源,如何全面构建高效、绿色的PGMs回收体系,实现“变废为宝”,近年来受到广泛关注。首先对汽车三元催化剂的工作原理、催化剂失效机理和失效催化剂难以浸出PGMs的原因进行了介绍。然后概述了当前失效三元催化剂中贵金属富集技术的研究进展,总结了各种技术的原理、流程及优缺点。针对火法回收技术(铅捕集、铜捕集、铁捕集、锍捕集和氯化挥发法)、湿法浸出技术(氯化浸出、氰化浸出和载体溶解法浸出)、有机溶剂浸出技术、微波辅助浸出技术、碘浸出和生物浸出等传统方法存在的反应条件苛刻、易产生高污染有毒有害废液废气、规模化生产困难、反应缓慢等不足,详细介绍了新报道的光催化浸出PGMs技术,其具有操作简单、环境友好、适用于各种PGMs浸出的优点,因此可以在无强酸、强碱的条件下,通过光催化反应实现汽车三元催化剂中的PGMs浸出。最后总结并提出了PGMs浸出技术未来的研究与发展方向,为PGMs资源回收领域研究提供了重要参考。China's platinum group metals(Platinum Group Metals,PGMs)reserves are small,consumption is large,and its safe supply is a key link in the sustainable development of China's strategic emerging industries.As an important source for recovering PGMs(platinum,palladium,rhodium)from spent automotive three-way catalysts,how to comprehensively build an efficient and green PGMs recovery system to achieve"turning waste into treasure"has received widespread attention in recent years.This paper first introduces the working principle of automotive three-way catalysts,the catalyst failure mechanism,and the reasons why the failed catalysts are difficult to leach PGMs.Then the current research progress of precious metal enrichment technologies in spent three-way catalysts is outlined,and the principles,processes,advantages,and disadvantages of various technologies are summarised.Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional methods such as pyro-metallurgy technology(lead collection,copper collection,iron collection,matte collection,and chlorinated volatilization),hydrometallurgical process(chloride leaching,cyanide leaching,and carrier dissolution leaching),organic solvent leaching,microwave-assisted leaching,iodine leaching and bioleaching,such as the harsh reaction conditions,the easy generation of highly polluting and toxic and harmful waste liquids and gases,the difficulty of large-scale production,and the slow reaction.This paper details the newly reported photocatalytic leaching technology for PGMs,which has the advantages of simple operation,environmental friendliness,and applicability to the leaching of various PGMs.Therefore,the leaching of PGMs from automotive three-way catalysts can be achieved by photocatalytic reaction in the absence of strong acids and bases.Finally,the paper concludes and proposes the future research and development direction of PGMs leaching technology,which provides an important reference for the research in the field of PGMs resource recovery.

关 键 词：汽车三元催化剂 铂族金属 富集 湿法 火法 光催化浸出 

分 类 号：TD921[矿业工程—选矿]