论补充债务与先诉抗辩权——以《民法典侵权责任编解释(一)》第十四条规定为视角  

On Supplementary Debt and Beneficium Ordinis--From the Perspective of Article 14 of the InterpretationⅠof the Tort Liability Part of the Civil Code

作　　者：杨立新[1] Yang Lixin(The Research Center of Civil and Commercial Jurisprudence,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《河南财经政法大学学报》2025年第1期29-45,共17页Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law

基　　金：2021年北京市社会科学基金重点研究项目“民法典实施中的疑难问题研究”(项目编号:21FXA004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典侵权责任编解释(一)》第十四条关于教育机构对第三人造成学生伤害承担补充责任规则的规定,《民法典担保制度解释》第二十五条关于一般担保规则的规定,都是对补充债务及其规则的解释。将这些规则综合起来,可以对债法的补充债务规则进行升华,建立补充债务及其先诉抗辩权的规则体系,改变长期以来民法理论和实务在合同法和侵权法领域对补充债务自说自话的偏向。债法的补充债务包括合同之债的补充债务和侵权之债的补充债务,是指多数债务人中,主债务人承担全部债务清偿义务,从债务人在主债务人不能履行债务时承担补充其履行不足部分的债务,或者依照其过错程度履行相应的清偿义务的债的关系。先诉抗辩权是补充债务的从债务人于债权人未就主债务人的财产强制执行无效果前,对债权人享有的拒绝履行的抗辩权。Article 14 of the InterpretationⅠof the Tort Liability Part of the Civil Code on the Rules of Supplementary Liability of Educational Institutions for Injuries to Students Caused by a Third Party,and Article 25 of the Interpretation of the Guarantee System of the Civil Code on the Rules of General Guarantee are interpretations of both the Supplementary Liability and the rules thereof.By integrating these rules,we can sublimate the supplementary debt rules of the debt law,establish a rule system for the supplementary debt and its beneficium ordinis,and change the long-standing bias in civil law theory and practice towards self-explanation of supplementary debt in contract law and tort law.Supplementary debt in debt law includes the supplementary debt of contract debt and the supplementary debt of tort debt.It refers to the debt relationship where among multiple debtors,the primary debtor bears the full obligation to pay off the debt,and the secondary debtor bears the obligation to supplement the insufficient part of the debt when the primary debtor cannot fulfill the debt,or to fulfill the corresponding obligation to pay off according to the degree of fault.Beneficium ordinis is the defense right of the secondary debtor of supplementary debt to refuse to fulfill the obligation to the creditor before the creditor’s compulsory enforcement of the primary debtor’s property is ineffective.

关 键 词：补充债务 完全补充 有限补充 先诉抗辩权 债法 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]