实体法视角下低龄未成年人“核准追诉”的理解与展开  

The Understanding and Development of“Approved Prosecution”of Young Minors From the Perspective of Substantive Law

作　　者：曾聪 Zeng Cong(School of Criminal Justice,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《河南财经政法大学学报》2025年第1期129-143,共15页Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law

摘　　要：《刑法》第十七条第三款规定的“核准追诉”并非纯粹的程序法要件,而是同时具备实体法意涵。就逻辑前提而言,立法者并未以“个别下调刑事责任年龄”的法律拟制路径改变应负刑事责任的“一般人形象”,只是在极端个案中赋予司法机关具体证明个别刑事责任年龄以下者具备刑事责任能力的权力。就权力性质而言,核准追诉权不是以“是否有必要惩罚低龄未成年人”的需罚性考量为中心的自由裁量权,而是以“惩罚低龄未成年人是否正当”的应罚性判断为中心的例外反证权。实体法要件不能独立解决应罚性问题,多数观点完全切割程序法要件与实体法要件的做法不能成立,司法机关应当根据低龄未成年人是否在家庭、学校等具体场景进行充足的法律社会化为根据,补足刑事责任能力的具体证明,这正是“核准追诉”在实体法有责性层面的具体意涵。The“approval of prosecution”stipulated in Article 17,paragraph 3,of the Criminal Law is not purely a procedural element,but has substantive legal implications.In terms of the logical premise,the legislator did not change the“image of genaral people”who should bear criminal responsibility through the legal drafting path of“lowering the legal minimum age of criminal responsibility on an individual basis”,but only gave the judicial authorities the power in extreme cases to specifically prove that individuals below the legal minimum age of criminal responsibility have the ability to bear criminal responsibility.In terms of the nature of power,the power to approve prosecution is not a discretionary power centered on“whether it is necessary to punish underage minors”,but an exceptional counterproof power centered on“whether it is justified to punish underage minors”.Substantive law elements cannot solve the problem of“should-be punished”independently,and the majority view that completely separates procedural legal requirements from substantive legal requirements cannot be established.Judicial authorities should make up specific proof of criminal responsibility ability based on sufficient legal socialization that young minors has experience in specific scenes such as families and schools This is the precisely the specific meaning of“approved prosecution”in the responsible level of substantive law.

关 键 词：低龄未成年人 核准追诉 实体法意涵 例外反证说 法律社会化 

分 类 号：D924.11[政治法律—刑法学]