移动应用商店“花园围墙”的竞争法透视——以苹果公司App Store为具象  

A Competition Law Perspective on the"Garden Walls"of Mobile App Stores——with Apple's App Store as a Concrete Example

作　　者：兰磊[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学知识产权学院

出　　处：《竞争政策研究》2024年第6期39-70,共32页Competition Policy Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“数据拒绝交易的反垄断法规制研究”(项目批准号:24BFX085)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着移动互联网的蓬勃发展,连接应用开发者与用户的移动应用商店成为产业链中重要的一环。苹果App Store和谷歌Play Store近年来在全球各地受到起诉、调查、处罚甚至专门立法规制,采用封闭模式的App Store首当其冲。争议的焦点是应用商店对申请上架的应用在分发渠道、支付方式、用户沟通方式方面施加的种种限制是否反竞争。舆论普遍认为这些限制具有反竞争效果。然而,法经济学分析表明,它们具有众多促进竞争的解释。质量控制对双边平台至关重要,系统安全和隐私保护对移动设备系统更具特殊意义,平台经营者拥有控制平台质量、尤其是系统安全的重要利益。移动设备系统创造了巨大的生态价值,成为开发者可资利用的重要生产要素,平台经营者对此拥有获得回报并为此采取措施防止“搭便车”的权益。移动设备厂商采用低接入门槛+后续抽成的两部定价法具有促进竞争效果。应用商店设置的限制措施有助于实现前述正当利益,规制不当反会降低社会整体福利。正确的做法是回归反垄断法的竞争损害分析框架。With the booming development of mobile Internet,mobile application stores connecting application developers and users have become an important link in the mobile industrial chain.Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store have been prosecuted,investigated,penalized and even specifically legislatively regulated worldwide in recent years,with App Store,which adopts a closed model,bearing the brunt.The focus of the controversy is whether the restrictions imposed by the app stores on the applications in terms of distribution channels,payment methods and user communication methods are anti-competitive.These restrictions are widely recognized as having an anticompetitive effect.However,a law and economics analysis shows that they have numerous pro-competitive explanations.Quality control is critical for two-sided platforms,with system security and privacy protection being of even more special significance for mobile device systems,and platform operators have an important interest in controlling the quality of their platforms,especially system security.Mobile device systems create significant ecological value and are an important factor of production for developers to capitalize on,for which platform operators have an interest in reaping the rewards and taking steps to prevent"free-riding".The two-part pricing method adopted by mobile device vendors,with low access thresholds and subsequent levies,has a pro-competitive effect.Restrictions imposed by app stores can help realize these legitimate interests,but improper regulation can reduce the overall welfare of society.The right approach is to return to the antitrust law framework of harm to competition analysis.

关 键 词：平台经济 双边市场 应用商店 App Store 围墙花园 

分 类 号：F416.6[经济管理—产业经济] F49[政治法律—民商法学] D912.29[政治法律—经济法学]