理法归统:中国武术“致敌以虚”的制胜思想及其核心技术论绎  

On the Winning Ideology of“Weakening and Beating the Enemy”of Chinese Wushu and Its Core Techniques

作　　者：张自立 杨建营[2] 张长念[3] ZHANG Zili;YANG Jianying;ZHANG Changnian(School of Taiji Culture,Handan University,Handan 056005,China;School of Physical Education and Health,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China;College of Wushu and Performance,Capital University of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing100191,China)

机构地区：[1]邯郸学院太极文化学院,河北邯郸056005 [2]华东师范大学体育与健康学院,上海200241 [3]首都体育学院武术与表演学院,北京100191

出　　处：《体育科学》2024年第10期77-84,共8页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(19BTY113)。

摘　　要：相较于西方在“强己”思想下追求“以快打慢”“以强打弱”的常规制胜路径,中国武术在独有的传统哲思智慧影响下,屡屡凭借超凡的技术能力实现诸如“后发先至”“以柔克刚”“持短入长”等“以弱胜强”的反常规制胜,显然二者在高阶制胜思想上存在着境界上的差距。通过文献资料调研、历史研究法、对比分析法等,对中国武术“致敌以虚”的制胜思想及其核心技术进行深度剖析与归纳,得出以下结论:1)“避实击虚”是古代技击谋略的底层逻辑,“虚”的本质是由于人体重心的偏移致使身体失衡失稳从而丧失原本合理且稳定的姿势结构与劲力系统并导致自身无法在攻防上具备良好的动作执行能力,因此,“击虚”就是打击人体在失衡失稳时的“低能”状态;2)实现“击虚”的前置条件是通过一定的方法使对手出现“虚”态,由此中国武术在独有的阴阳观下探索出了一条以实现“弱彼”为目的的制胜思想——“致敌以虚”;3)太极拳技术体系中的“引进落空”是用以“致虚”对手的核心技术,将历史不同时期有关“致敌以虚”的技理与“引进落空”对比分析后发现,两者在逻辑上是一致的,由此得出“引进落空”技术并非太极拳所独有,而是在法脉传承中始终作为中国武术“致敌以虚”这一思想下的核心技术,只是其在学理上相对早期“致虚”技术更为系统化、科学化。Compared to the Western pursuit of conventional winning of“win with speed”and“win with strength”under the ideology of“self-strengthening”,Chinese martial arts,under the influence of its unique traditional philosophical wisdom and extraordinary techniques,has repeatedly achieved unconventional winnings such as“moving later but reaching first”“beating hardness with softness”and“suppressing long weapons with shorter ones”.Obviously,ideologically speaking,there is a huge difference between the two.This article adopts methods of documentary reference,diachronic analysis,and comparative analysis to deeply analyze and summarize the winning ideology and core techniques of Chinese Wushu,which emphasizes the importance of“winning by weakening the enemy”.The following conclusions are drawn:1)“Winning by striking the weaknesses of the enemy”is the underlying logic of ancient combat strategies.The essence of“weakness”of the opponent in combat refers to the unbalance and instability caused by the deviation of the body’s center of gravity,resulting in the loss of its originally reasonable and stable posture structure and strength distribution,and hence the inability to perform good movements in attack and defense.Therefore,“striking the weakness”is to attack when the enemy is in the“low energy”physical state when his/her body is unbalanced and unstable.2)The primary prerequisite for achieving“attacking the weakness”is to use certain methods to make the opponent appear in a“weak”state.Therefore,Wushu has developed a set of winning strategies which aims at achieving“weakening the opponent”under its unique yin-yang philosophy-“winning by striking the enemy’s weaknesses”.3)To“induce the opponent to show weakness”is the key to“weakening and defeating the enemy”in Taiji.After comparing and analyzing the techniques related to“inducing the opponent to show weakness”with“weakening and defeating the enemy”in different historical periods,it is found that they

关 键 词：中国武术 避实击虚 致敌以虚 太极拳 引进落空 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]