安全感:国家安全研究中一个被忽视的维度  

The Sense of National Security:A Neglected Dimension in National Security Studies

作　　者：张清敏[1] Zhang Qingmin(the School of International Studies,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院外交学系,北京100871

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2024年第12期60-85,155,共27页World Economics and Politics

摘　　要：传统的国家安全研究把国家安全看作国家生存免于危险与威胁的客观状态。心理学研究认为,安全是一种感受和意识,威胁是一种主观解读,离开被威胁的主体,威胁不可能存在。国家安全感是决策者对国家安全的主观感受,源于对国家安全威胁的感知。受主体差异的影响,国家安全政策的制定者对威胁的认知可能与现实的威胁不一致,从而产生错误的威胁知觉。决策者的信仰是影响国家安全知觉的根源,刻板印象和简单的归因、历史类比和隐喻等典型认知方式既是帮助决策者认知威胁和产生安全感受的主要途径,也是造成对于国家安全威胁产生错误知觉或无意偏见的内在机理。国内政治则是导致对国家安全威胁产生错误知觉或有意偏见的外部机理。对国家安全威胁的错误知觉可能致使决策者低估或夸大国家安全面临的威胁,影响国家的安全感受,导致不符合实际的安全政策,最终威胁国家安全。国家安全战略目标的实现不仅需要消除客观的国家安全威胁,也需要消除不符合实际的不安全感。为此决策者需要避免对国家安全威胁产生错误知觉,因而国家安全研究者也应将心理因素纳入国家安全研究。The concept of security has traditionally been regarded as an objective state of national existence,free from danger or threat to the nation.However,the psychological perspective holds the view that security is a feeling or sense,and danger is an effect of interpretation or personal perception,which cannot exist independently of those to whom it may become a threat.The sense of security,therefore,depends on national leaders'perceptions of threats,which may be a misperception of actual threats due to idiosyncratic differences.While the belief systems of national leaders form the foundation of their security perceptions,simplistic categorizations and attributions,heuristic reasoning,such as historical analogies,metaphors and other typical cognitive mechanisms serve not only as the primary means through which leaders perceive threats and form a sense of security,but also as the intrinsic mechanisms of misperceptions or unmotivated bias in assessing national security threats.Domestic politics is the external mechanism of motivated bias or misperception of national security threats.The misperception of national security threat may be an underestimation or an exaggeration of the real threat,both distorting the sense of national security,leading to wrong policies,and undermining the objective national security in the end.The realization of national security strategic goals requires not only the elimination of objective national security threats,but also the unrealistic subjective feeling of insecurity.The latter calls for avoiding misperceptions of national security threats by policymakers and incorporating psychological factors into national security studies by scholars.

关 键 词：国家安全感 错误知觉 威胁认知 启发式思维 国家安全战略 

分 类 号：D815.5[政治法律—国际关系]