美国升级跨境数据安全规制新动向  

New Trends of US Cross-border Data Security Regulation

作　　者：程海烨 王健[1] Cheng Haiye;Wang Jian

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院国际问题研究所

出　　处：《现代国际关系》2024年第12期73-95,145,146,共25页

基　　金：2024年国家社科基金青年项目“美欧跨境数据安全规制协调及我国对策研究”(项目编号:24CGJ039)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：美国不断加强跨境数据安全规制,将敏感数据和交易行为作为监管目标、以中国为规制对象,遵从国家数据安全高于隐私保护的原则,建立多个监管部门协调联动的执行机制。美国密集性地推出一系列针对中国的跨境数据安全监管举措,意在构建与完善跨境数据“调取与封阻”安全监管体系,与敏感技术出口管制和外国投资风险审查形成三大监管支柱。同时,塑造以“美式监管规则”为核心的跨境数据流动圈,进一步巩固美国数据霸权、强化数字科技企业的全球竞争力。今后,在全球跨境数据安全规制中,涉及国家安全的“关键敏感数据”将成为大国博弈的焦点,数字跨国企业、数字平台和数据经纪商将成为大国下一步规制的重要对象,数据保护机构和国家安全部门等监管部门也将成为专门规制全球跨境数据安全的主要角色之一。特朗普第二任期将奉行强硬与进攻性的“美国优先+保护主义”数据政策,进一步提振美国在全球数据规则制定中的霸权地位,对中国实施数据安全防御性单边主义,并争夺对全球关键数据的绝对控制权。The United States is upgrading its cross-border data security regulation on China,targeting sensitive data and trading activities with China as the regulatory goals,complying with the principle that national data security is higher than privacy protection,and mobilizing the coordinated implementation mechanism of multiple regulatory departments.The United States has launched a series of cross-border data security supervision measures against China,aiming to build and improve the cross-border data retrieval and blocking security supervision system,forming three major supervision pillars together with sensitive technology export control and foreign investment risk review.At the same time,it will shape a cross-border data flow circle with American regulatory rules as the core,further consolidate the US data hegemony,and strengthen the global competitiveness of digital technology companies.In the global cross border data security regulation,critical sensitive data involving national security will become the focus of the game between major countries.Digital multinational companies,digital platforms,and data brokers will become important targets of regulation by major countries in the next step.Regulatory departments such as data protection agencies and national security departments will also become one of the main roles in regulating global cross-border data security.In his second term,Trump will pursue a tough and aggressive"America first+Protectionism"data policy,further boosting the hegemony of the United States in global data rule-making,implementing defensive unilateralism in data security against China,and competing for absolute control over the world's key data.

关 键 词：数据安全 跨境数据流动 美国数据战略 全球数据治理 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD912.1