清偿型以物抵债法效果的教义学构造  

Doctrinal Construction of Effect of Clearing-Type Debt Settlement by Using Property as Collateral

作　　者：李建星 Li Jianxing

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第12期125-141,共17页Law Science

基　　金：2023年度上海市“曙光计划”项目(23SG56)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：裁判实践与民法学界立足于《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》第27条,对清偿型以物抵债的法效果达成了诸多以新债清偿为中心的重要共识,但也遗留了大量亟待回应的实践问题。对此有必要完成清偿型以物抵债法效果的教义学构造,以填补当事人的合意漏洞。在旧债的效果上,缔结以物抵债协议可暂时限制旧债的可诉请履行性。在新债的效果层面,第三人也可作为新债履行主体,并处于与债务承担人、债务加入人不同的法律地位。新债履行“无须清算程序”,并会产生广泛的体系效应。原则上,债务人、第三人不履行新债的,债权人应根据旧债要求债务人承担不履行责任。需要按照以物抵债协议处于维持阶段还是被摆脱阶段,区分对待两债并存的效果。在新债被摆脱阶段,两债处于选择竞合关系,债权人不受其选择之拘束。债权人选择旧债请求履行的,可以按照旧债履行期限届满日起算损害赔偿。Based on Article 27 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the General Provisions of the Contract Part of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China,the adjudication practice and the civil law academia have reached a number of important consensus centred on the legal effect of debt-in-kind agreement,but a large number of practical problems remain to be responded to.Therefore,it is necessary to complete the dogmatical construction of the legal effects of debt-in-kind agreement in order to fill the parties'consensual loophole.At the level of the effect of the old debt,the conclusion of an agreement in rem temporarily restricts enforceability of the old debt.At the level of the effect of the new debt,the third party can also be the subject of the new debt performance,and is in a different legal position from debtor delegates and addition of debtor.The fulfilment of the new debt“does not require a liquidation procedure”and has broad systemic effects.In principle,if the debtor or a third party fails to settle the new debt,the creditor should return to the old debt to demand that the debtor be held liable for non-performance.A distinction needs to be made between the effects of the coexistence of the two debts according to debt-in-kind agreement is maintained or is gotten rid of.At the stage when the new debt is gotten rid of,the two debts are in the competing relationships and the creditor is not bound by its choice.If the creditor opts for performance of the old debt,damages may be calculated from the date of expiry of the period for performance of the old debt.

关 键 词：以物抵债 新债清偿 可诉请履行性 选择竞合 强制清算 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]