人口政策转型期生育歧视法律防治的美国镜鉴及中国进路  

Implications from the United States and Approaches for China Regarding Legal Prevention and Control of Birth Discrimination During the Transition Period for Population Policy

作　　者：曹薇薇 Cao Weiwei

机构地区：[1]上海大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第12期176-191,共16页Law Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“生育支持法律体系构建研究”(项目号:23BFX034)的研究成果。

摘　　要：性别歧视作为三大歧视类型之一已被明令禁止,区分歧视女性的差别性对待和为推进性别平等所制定的特别措施成为亟待解答的法学议题。少子老龄化进程的加快促使我国人口政策由管控转向鼓励,而便于女性履行养育职责的立法保护理念,以及增设的孕产育期劳动特殊保护条款,反而加剧了本就处于就业市场劣势地位的育龄女性的歧视,进而陷入国家越鼓励生育,法律越特殊保障,女性就业歧视越重,生育意愿越低的不良循环。美国对于生育歧视的法律防治经历了三种治理模式,形成了“能力原则”“合理保护”“过度负担”等经验方法,其中的客观评判孕产育期间女性的工作能力、尊重其自主选择权、避免“一刀切”的做法有可取之处,而由女性承担评判失误导致的不利后果又有矫枉过正之嫌。故此,我国生育歧视法律防治应先避免以“强制规定”和“劳动禁忌”方式过度保护导致的职场生育歧视;在规制内容上,对孕产育期女性的歧视性和合理性差别对待进行区分;进而在司法救济中明确歧视类型、判断标准和举证规则。Sex discrimination,as one of the three major types of discrimination,has been legally prohibited.The distinction between differential treatment that discriminates against women and special measures that have been set up to promote gender equality has become a legal issue that needs to be solved.The acceleration of the aging process and the decrease in the national birthrate led to a shift in China's population policy from control-centered to encouragement-orientated,which further aggravated employment discrimination against women of childbearing age.The concept of legislative protection that facilitates women's fulfillment of their child-rearing responsibilities,as well as the addition of special protection provisions for labor during pregnancy,childbirth,and child-rearing,has exacerbated the discrimination against women of childbearing age,who are already in a disadvantaged position in the labour market.Thus,there is an undesirable cycle in which,the more the state encourages childbearing and the law protects female employers of childbearing age,the heavier discrimination becomes against women in the workplace.Eventually,women's willingness to give birth becomes lower.The United States has experienced three regulatory models of prevention and treatment of‘reproductive discrimination’,and has developed the approaches of‘capability principle’‘reasonable protection’‘undue burden’,etc.Among these approaches,that of objectively evaluating women's ability to work during pregnancy and childbirth,respects their right to make their own choices,and avoids“one-size-fits-all”.However,it also has disadvantages that put the potential negative results on women themselves.Critically,lessons can be learned from the U.S.regulatory experiences.First,over-protection of women's reproductive ability in workplaces through‘mandatory regulations’should be avoided.Second,a legal distinction between discriminatory treatment and reasonable differences during pregnancy,childbirth and childbearing should be made.Third

关 键 词：人口政策转型期 生育歧视 直接歧视 间接歧视 美国法 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] D922.1D922.5