《法乐童子伎》《童子倚歌梵呗》的伎艺形态与立乐之义  

Performative Forms and Musical Meanings of Fayue Tongzi Ji and Tongzi Yige Fanbei

作　　者：孙菱羲 许云和 Sun Lingxi;Xu Yunhe(The Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China;The Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Sun Yat-sen University,Zhuhai 519000,China)

机构地区：[1]中山大学中国语言文学系,广东广州510275 [2]中山大学中国语言文学系(珠海),广东珠海519000

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第11期14-28,共15页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：梁武帝所制《法乐童子伎》《童子倚歌梵呗》是运用于无遮大会演出的两个伎目,它们与当时石窟壁画、造像艺术中的化生童子伎乐图像互为呼应,共同诠释了佛教莲花化生的主题,是南北朝流行的莲花化生、托生佛国的信仰影响下应运而生的艺术。《法乐童子伎》呈现的是童子于莲花中化生并作歌舞伎乐的情景,法乐即乐中演法,用时兴的五言歌词歌颂佛德。《童子倚歌梵呗》则是莲花化生童子表演倚歌梵呗,即一童子吹奏梵呗(玉螺)、另一童子倚梵呗而歌。这两个伎目是道俗无遮大会的一个重要环节,与法会空间、讲经活动等构成一个紧密相关的编排体系。它们的加入不唯反映了南朝佛教由知识阶层向民间的渗透,也透露出当权者以此巩固统治、联络外交的深刻用意。Fayue Tongzi Ji(Dharmic Music Played by Lotus-born Children,《法乐童子伎》)and Tongzi Yige Fanbei(Lotus-born Children’s Singing Accompanied Jade Conch,《童子倚歌梵呗》),composed by Emperor Wu of the Liang,are the earliest known Buddhist Jiyue(伎乐)that are assigned with specific names in ancient China.As religious media that took the form of audio-visual art,those Jiyue were performed alongside ten Buddhism musical pieces such as“Shanzai(《善哉》)”,“Dale(《大乐》)”and“Dahuan(《大欢》)”in pañcavārṣika assemblies,expounding altogether Buddhism teachings.These Jiyue have significant value for the history of ancient Chinese music and Buddhist culture.However,since antique documents do not describe their musical patterns,there is still a considerable gap in our understanding of these two Jiyue.By comparing Fayue Tongzi Ji with contemporary Jiyue images that show lotus-born children dancing and playing music,it is evident that the performance of“Fayue”by children was then a very popular form of Buddhism dance and music.In the Mogao caves of the Northern Wei and Western Wei Dynasties in Dunhuang,we can often see lotus-born children playing instruments such as bili,pan flute,and pipa,while engaging dancing and singing.For instance,on the lintels of the niches for Buddha statues in the Northern Wei Cave No.257 and the Western Wei Cave No.285,there are carvings that meticulously depict the scenes of lotus-born children with double buns on their head dancing and singing,providing vivid references for understanding the form of performance of the Fayue Tongzi Ji.Through Buddhist scriptures such as the Sūtra of the Prediction of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara and the Amitabha Sūtra,we can know that the rebirth of the lotus-born children in the realm of Buddha,the questioning about Dharma through verses,and the performance of various Jiyue by celestial beings in the realm of Buddha are silhouettes of the Buddhist land of bliss.The rebirth through lotus in the realm of Buddha

关 键 词：化生童子伎乐图像 法乐童子伎 童子倚歌梵呗 莲花化生 无遮大会 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] B949.2[历史地理—历史学] J608[哲学宗教—宗教学]