冬闲期耕作方式对连作花生土壤理化性质、生理特性和产量的影响  

Effects of Tillage Modes in Winter Fallow Period on Soil Physicochemical Properties,Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Continuous Cropping Peanut

作　　者：朱英琳 胡国庆[2] 董元杰[2] 李向东[1] 刘兆新 ZHU Ying-lin;HU Guo-qing;DONG Yuan-jie;LI Xiang-dong;LIU Zhao-xin(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University/National Key Lab.of Wheat Im provement,Taian 271018,China;College of Resources and Environment,Shandong Agricultural University,Taian 271018,China)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学农学院/小麦育种全国重点实验室,山东泰安271018 [2]山东农业大学资源与环境学院,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《花生学报》2024年第4期66-76,共11页Journal of Peanut Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金(32301953);山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QC040);山东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(SDAIT-04-06)。

摘　　要：花生连作条件下,以大花生品种“山花110”作为试验材料。设置3个处理:前茬花生收获后无耕作,冬季休闲,后茬花生播种前旋耕整地,覆膜种植(冬闲免耕,NT);前茬花生收获后翻耕,冬季晾晒土壤,后茬花生播种前旋耕整地,覆膜种植(冬闲翻耕,RT);前茬花生收获后翻耕并种植黑麦草,至抽穗期翻压还田,旋耕整地后,花生覆膜种植(绿肥压青,DTM)。研究冬闲期不同耕作方式对连作花生土壤理化性质、植株生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕较冬闲免耕均可降低连作花生土壤0~30 cm土层土壤容重,增加孔隙度,优化土壤结构;同时提高0~40 cm土层中的全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮和有机质含量,增加土壤养分。绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕较冬闲免耕均可以显著提高连作花生叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率,进而改善花生叶片的光合性能,增加花生植株干物质积累并促进向荚果转运,有利于花生产量提高。与冬闲免耕相比,绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕的花生荚果产量分别提高了7.20%和3.41%,籽仁产量分别提高了9.49%和4.20%,从产量构成因素来看,主要是因为提高了单株结果数和出仁率。其中,绿肥压青的效果要优于冬闲翻耕。Under the continuous cropping conditions of peanut,the large-kernel peanut variety Shanhua110 was used as the experimental material.Three treatments were set up in the experiment:(1)Winter fallow period without tillage after the previous crop of peanut was harvested,and rotary tillage and film mulching were performed before the sowing of the next peanut(no tillage in winter fallow,NT).(2)Plow tillage after harvesting of the previous peanut,dry the soil in winter,and the rotary tillage and film mulching were performed before next peanut sowing(tillage during winter period,RT).(3)After the previous peanut crop was harvested,plow the field and plant ryegrass.When it reached the heading stage,plow it under and return it to the field,and rotary tillage and film mulching were performed before the sowing of the next peanut(green manure was plowed under soil,DTM).The effects of different tillage modes during winter fallow period on soil physicochemical properties,plant physiological characteristics,and yield of continuous cropping peanut were studied.The results showed that both DTM and RT reduced the soil bulk density of 0-30 cm layer in continuous cropping peanut soil,increased the porosity,improved the soil permeability and aeration,and optimized the soil structure compared with NT.Meanwhile,DTM and RT increased the contents of total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,nitrate nitrogen and organic matter in 0-40 cm layer of soil.In addition,DTM and RT increased the leaf area index,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,further improved the photosynthetic performance of peanut leaves,and promoted the accumulation of dry matter and transference to pods,which was conducive to improving peanut production.Compared with NT,DTM and RT increased the peanut pod yield by 7.20%and 3.41%,and the kernel yield by 9.49%and 4.20%,respectively,mainly due to the higher number of pods per plant and the shelling percentage.Among them,DTM manifested the best effect on increasing peanut yield.

关 键 词：花生 连作 土壤养分 光合特性 产量 

分 类 号：S565.206.1[农业科学—作物学] S344.4